{"id":68,"date":"2018-06-12T20:36:37","date_gmt":"2018-06-12T20:36:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.cs.umbc.edu\/choalab\/?page_id=68"},"modified":"2025-08-01T01:33:46","modified_gmt":"2025-08-01T05:33:46","slug":"publications","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.cs.umbc.edu\/choalab\/publications\/","title":{"rendered":"Publications"},"content":{"rendered":"

Refereed Journal Papers<\/b>:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, “Cascade homojunction avalanche photodiodes,” Fiber and Integrated Optics, vol. 7, pp. 1-15, 1988.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, “Broadband ultrafast pulse generation from synchronously pumped dye lasers” Optics Lett., vol. 13, pp. 743-745, 1988.<\/span><\/li>\n
  3. J. P. Zheng, L. Shi, F. S. Choa, P. L. Liu, H. S. Kwok, “Intensity-dependent photoluminescence spectra of semiconductor-doped glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 53, pp. 643-645, 1988.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, “Dual wavelength tunable IR dye laser system synchronously pumped by a Nd: YAG laser,” Appl. Optics, vol. 28, pp. 2990-2993, 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, “Continuous-wave synchronously pumped femtosecond dye laser at 1.3 m,” Optics Lett., vol. 14, pp. 222-223, 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
  6. T. L. Koch, F. S. Choa, F. Heismann, U. Koren, ‘Tunable multiple-quantum-well distributed-Bragg-reflector lasers as tunable narrowband receivers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 25, pp. 890-892, 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
  7. F. S. Choa, T. L. Koch, U. Koren, B. I. Miller, “Optoelectronic properties of InGaAs\/InGaAsP multiple-quantum-well waveguide detectors,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 1, pp. 376-378, 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
  8. T. L. Koch, U. Koren, R. P. Gnall, F. S. Choa, F. Hernandez-Gil, C. A. Burrus, M. G. Young, M. Oron, B. 1. Miller, “GaInAs\/GaInAsP multiple-quantum-well integrated heterodyne receiver,” Electron Lett., vol. 25, pp. 1621-1623, 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
  9. T. L. Koch, F. S. Choa, U. Koren, R. P. Gnall, F. Hemandez-Gil, C. A. Burrus, M. G. Young, M. Oron, B. 1. Miller, “Balanced operation of a GaInAs\/GaInAsP multiple-quantum-well integrated heterodyne receiver,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 2, pp. 577-581, 1990.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  10. F. S. Choa, T. L. Koch, U. Koren, and C. A. Burrus, “Novel optical power controlled oscillator with multigigahertz oscillation frequency range,” Appl.\u00a0 Phys.\u00a0 Lett., vol. 57, pp. 2060-2063,1990.<\/span><\/li>\n
  11. F. S. Choa, and T. L. Koch, “Static and dynamical characteristics of narrowband tunable resonant amplifiers as active filters and receivers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 9, pp. 73-78, 1991. 12. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, N. T. Ha, “Zinc-doping of InP during chemical beam epitaxy using diethylzinc,” J. of Electronic Materials, vol. 7, pp. 54l -544, 1991.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  12. F. S. Choa, Y. H. Lee, B. Tell, T. L. Koch, C. A- Burrus, J. L. Jewell, R. Leibengath, “High speed modulation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser,” Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 3, pp. 697-699, 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n
  13. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, A. M. Sergent, P. F. Sciortino, Jr., “Very low threshold single quantum well graded index separated confinement heterostructure (GRINSCH) InGaAs\/InGaAsP lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 58, pp. 2610-2612, 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n
  14. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, R. A. Logan, T. Tanbun-Ek, A- M. Sergent, “All gaseous doping during chemical beam epitaxy growth of InGaAs\/InGaAsP multi-quantum well lasers,” Appl. Phys.\u00a0 Lett., vol. 59, pp. 1008-1010, 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n
  15. S. Chandrasekhar, A. H. Gnauck, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, and G. J. Qua, “A monolithic 5 Gb\/s pin\/HBT integrated photoreceiver circuit from chemical beam epitaxy material,” IEEE Photon.\u00a0 Technol.\u00a0 Lett., vol. 3, pp. 823-825, 1991.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  16. K. -Y.\u00a0 Liou, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, E. C. Burrows, G. Raybon, and C. A. Burrus, “Low threshold and high temperature operation of 1.55 m self-aligned ridge-waveguide multiple quantum well lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” Appl.\u00a0 Phys. Lett., vol. 59, pp. 3381-3383, 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n
  17. R. Kuchibhotla, J. C. Campbell, C. Tsai, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, “InP\/InGaAsP\/InGaAs SAGM<\/span> avalanche photodiode with a delta-doped multiplication region,” Electron. Lett., vol. 27, pp. 1361-1363, 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n
  18. F. S. Choa, K. Tai, W. T. Tsang, S. N. G. Chu, “High reflectivity 1.55 m InP\/InGaAsP Bragg mirror grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” Appl.\u00a0 Phys.\u00a0 Lett, vol. 59, pp. 2820-2822, 1991.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  19. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, N. T. Ha \u201cZinc-doping of InP during chemical beam epitaxy using diethylzinc\u201d, Journal of Electronic materials, vol. 20, pp. 541-544, 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n
  20. K. Tai, F. S. Choa, W. T- Tsang, S. N. G. Chu, J. D. Wynn, “Room temperature photopumped 1.5 m quantum well surface emitting lasers with InGaAsP\/InP distributed Bragg reflectors,” Electron.\u00a0 Lett., vol. 27, pp. 1540-1542, 1991.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  21. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. A. Logan, T. Tanbun-Ek, S. N. G. Chu, K. Tai, A. M. Sergent, and K. W. Wecht, “1.5 m wavelength InGaAs\/InGaAsP distributed feedback multi-quantum well lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 59, pp. 2375-2377, 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n
  22. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, R. A. Logan, T. Tanbun-Ek, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, A. M. Sergent, and K. W. Wecht, “1.3 m InGaAsP\/InP multi-quantum well buried heterostructure lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” Appl.\u00a0 Phys.\u00a0 Lett,, vol. 59, 3084-3086, 1991.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  23. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, R. A. Logan, T. Tanbun-Ek, A. M. Sergent, and K. W. Wecht, “Reduced temperature dependence of threshold current by broadband enhanced feedback: a new approach and demonstration,” Appl.\u00a0 Phys.\u00a0 Lett., vol. 60, pp. 18-20, 1992.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  24. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. A. Logan, A. M. Sergent, C. A. Burrus, “Long wavelength InGaAsP\/InP distributed feedback lasers incorporating gain-coupled mechanism,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 212-214, 1992.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  25. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. A. Logan, S. N. G. Chu, A- M. Sergent, and C. A. Burrus, ” Semiconductor distributed feedback lasers with quantum well or superlattice gratings for index or gain-coupled optical feedback,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 60, pp. 2580-2582, 1992.<\/span><\/li>\n
  26. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, R- P. Gnall, U. Koren, T. L- Koch, C. A. Burrus, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, P. F. Sciortino, A. M. Sergent, P. J. Corvini “very high side-mode-suppression-ratio distributed-Bragg-reflector lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” Electron.\u00a0 Lett., vol. 28, pp. 1001-1002, 1992.<\/span><\/li>\n
  27. R. M. Kapre, W. T. Tsang, Y. K. Chen, M. C. Wu, M. A. Chin, F. S. Choa, “Chemical beam epitaxy of GaInP on GaAs(110) substrates and its application to 0.98 m lasers,” J. Crystal Growth, vol. 124, pp. 176-180, 1992.<\/span><\/li>\n
  28. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, R- P. Gnall, T. L. Koch, C. A. Burrus, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. M. Kapre, “InGaAs\/InGaAsP integrated tunable detector grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” Appl.\u00a0 Phys. Lett., vol. 63, pp. 1836-1838, 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n
  29. S. N. G. Chu, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, R. A, Logan, E. J. Flynn, D. L. Coblentz, “Elimination of light scattering from grating irregularities by using a quantum well grating in index or gain-coupled distributed feedback lasers,” Appl.\u00a0 Phys. Lett., vol. 63, pp. 1886-1888, 1993.<\/span><\/li>\n
  30. W. T. Tsang, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, F. S. Choa, R. A. Logan, S. N. G. Chu, A. M. Sergent, P. Magill, K. C. Reichmann, and C. A. Burrus, “Long wavelength InGaAsP\/InP distributed feedback lasers and distributed Bragg reflector lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron, vol. 30, pp. 1370-1380, 1994\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  31. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, R. M. Kapre, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, “Packaging relaxed semiconductor lasers with diluted waveguide structure,” Electron. Lett., vol. 31, pp. 1058-1060, 1995.<\/span><\/li>\n
  32. P-L. Liu, Q. Zhao, F. S. Choa, “The slow-wave finite-difference beam propagation method,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 890-892, 1995.<\/span><\/li>\n
  33. F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, J. Y. Fan, G. J. Simonis, P. -L. Liu, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, A. M. Sergent, “Very low threshold long-wavelength grating-coupled surface-emitting-lasers,” Appl.\u00a0 Phys.\u00a0 Lett., vol. 67, pp. 2777-2779, 1995.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  34. F. S. Choa, H. J. Chao, “On the optically transparent WDM ATM Multicast (3M) switches”, Fiber and Integrated Optics, vol. 15, pp. 109-123, 1996\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  35. F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, A. R. Toppozada, M. Block, M. E. Eldefravi, “A light emitting diode improves evanescent excitation of a fiber optic cocaine biosensor”, Analyt. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 29-33, 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
  36. D. L. Butler, P. S. Cho, M. W. Chbat, J. Goldhar, F. S. Choa, G. L. Burdge, “Operation of a nonlinear optical loop mirror with orthogonally polarized waves in nonpolarization-preserving, single-mode fiber,” IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 779-781, 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
  37. F. S. Choa, J. Y. Fan, P. -L. Liu, J. Sipior, G. Rao, G. M. Carter, Y. J. Chen, \u201cTime resolved spectra study of GaN light emitting diodes,\u201d Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 69, pp. 3668-3670, 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
  38. J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, P. S. Cho, J. S. Way, J. Goldhar, D. L. Butler, G. L. Burdge, \u201cthe gain decompression effect and its applications to very fast wavelength conversions,\u201d IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. Vol. 9, pp. 755-757, 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
  39. J. Busrur, F. S. Choa, P. -L. Liu, J. Sipior, G. Rao, G. M. Carter, Y. J. Chen, \u201cThe process and efficiency of ultraviolet generation from GaN blue light emitting diodes,\u201d Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 71, pp. 1385-1387, 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
  40. M. H. Shih, L. Wang, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, “Integrated Coherent Transceivers for Broadband Access Networks,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 9, pp. 1526-1528, 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
  41. J. H. Chen, Y. Chai, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, \u201cWDM channel monitoring and signal power control\/equalization using integrated tunable active filters,\u201d Electronic Letters, vol. 34, pp. 1411-1413, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
  42. Y. Zhao, C. Su, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, \u201cWavelength tuning of \u00bd-rational harmonically mode-locked pulses in a cavity-dispersive fiber laser,\u201d Applied Physics Letters, vol. 73, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
  43. L. M. Wang, J. H. Chen, M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, \u201cSimple-structure integrated coherent transciever with novel counter-receiving heterodyne detection scheme\u201d, Electronic Letters, vol. 35, pp. 385-386, 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
  44. Y. Zhao, X. J. Zhao, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, \u201cA novel bidirectional add\/drop module using wavelength grating routers and wavelength channel matched fiber grating\u201d, IEEE Photonic Technolgy Letters, vol 11, pp. 1180-1182, 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
  45. Liming Wang, Fow-Sen Choa, Jye-Hong Chen, Yanjie Chai, Mei-Hao Shih, \u201cCounter-receiving heterodyne detection with an integrated coherent transceiver and its applications in bandwidth-on-demand access networks\u201d, IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 17, pp. 1724-1731, Oct. 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
  46. F. S. Choa and H. J. Chao, \u201cAll-optical packet routing \u2013 architecture and implementation\u201d, Invited paper, Photonic Network Communications, vol. 1.4, pp. 303-311, 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
  47. H. J. Chao, Z. Zhang, L. Wu, S. H. Wang, L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, J. Fan, F. S. Choa, \u201cA photonic ATM front-end processor in a WDM ATM multicast switch,\u201d IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 18, pp. 273-285, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
  48. C. C. Wang, S. B. Trivedi, F Jin, J. Khurgin, D Temple, U. Hommerich, E Gad, F. S. Choa, Y-S. Wu, A Corder, \u201cInterferometer-Less Coherent Optical Range Finder\u201d, IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 19, pp. 666-672, 2001.<\/span><\/li>\n
  49. X Wang, F-S. Choa, F Liu, T. L. Worchersky, \u201cEvidence of exciton recombination at very high temperature in InGaN\u201d, Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 89, pp. 6218-6222, 2001.<\/span><\/li>\n
  50. X. Xie, J. Khurgin, J Kang, F. S. Choa, \u201c Linear optical frequency discriminator\u201d, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 384-386, 2002.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
  51. X. Zhao and F. S. Choa, \u201c Demonstration of 10 Gb\/s transmissions over a 1.5 km long multimode fiber using equalization techniques\u201d, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 1187-1189, 2002.<\/span><\/li>\n
  52. X. Xie, J. Khurgin, J Kang, F. S. Choa, \u201cRing-assisted frequency discriminator with improved linearity\u201d, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp.1136-1138, 2002.<\/span><\/li>\n
  53. Y. Zhao, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, \u201cIntraband-Crosstalk Free Add\/Drop Module for Wavelength<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Division Multiplexed Networks,\u201d Journal of Optical Communications, 23, pp. 807, 2002<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Xiaobo Xie, Jacob B. Khurgin, and Fow-San Choa, \u201cSuppression of Spurious Intensity Modulation in Frequency-Modulated Semiconductor Lasers\u201d, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 9, pp. 1294-1299, Sep.\/Oct. 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. X. Xie, J. B. Khurgin, F-S Choa, J. U. Kang, \u201cLinearized Ring-Assisted\u00a0 Mach-Zehnder Intensity Modulator\u201d, Photon. Tech. Lett., 15, 531, 2003<\/span><\/li>\n
    3. Jie Lin, Junping Zhang, and Fow-Sen Choa, X. Zhao, J Khurgin, \u201cA Low-Crosstalk Semiconductor Optical Amplifier\u201d, IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 392-394, 2004.<\/span><\/li>\n
    4. Jie Lin<\/span><\/a>, Andreas Leven, <\/span>N. G. Weimann<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Y. Yang<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>R. F. Kopf<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>R. Reyes<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Y. K. Chen<\/span><\/a>, and <\/span>Fow-sen Choa<\/span><\/a>, \u201cSmooth and vertical-sidewall InP etching using Cl2\/N2 inductively coupled plasma,\u201d J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 22, 510, 2004.<\/span><\/li>\n
    5. G. Ru, J. Yan, X. Yu, F-S. Choa, \u201cRobust Buried-Rib Semiconductor Laser with High Fiber Coupling Efficiency and Alignment Tolerance\u201d, Electronics Letters vol. 40, p1538-1539, 2004.<\/span><\/li>\n
    6. Jie Lin<\/span><\/a>, Andreas Leven, <\/span>N. G. Weimann<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Y. Yang<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>R. F. Kopf<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>R. Reyes<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Y. K. Chen<\/span><\/a>, and <\/span>Fow-Sen Choa<\/span><\/a>, \u201cSmooth and vertical-sidewall InP etching using Cl2\/N2 inductively coupled plasma,\u201d J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 22, pp: 510, 2004.<\/span><\/li>\n
    7. F. -S. Choa, X. Yu, J. Lin, X. Zhao, J. P. Zhang, Y. Gu, Guansong Zhang, Longjun Li, Huiping Xiang, Haldun Hadimioglu, and H. Jonathan Chao, \u201cAn Optical Packet Switch Based on WDM Technologies\u201d, IEEE, J. of Lightwave Technol., Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 994-1015, Mar. 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n
    8. Xiaobo Xie, Jacob Khurgin, Fow-Sen Choa, Xiuqin Yu, Jason Cai, Jingzhou Yan, Xiaoming Ji, Yonglin Gu, Yun Fang, Yang Sun, and Zhibao Chen, \u201cA model for optimization of the performance of frequency-modulated DFB semiconductor laser,\u201d IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 473-483, Apr. 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n
    9. G. Ru, X. Yu, Z. Chen, J Zhang, J Lin, F. S. Choa, \u201cMaterial Quality Improvements of Ultra-Broadband Gain Materials Grown by Selective-Area-Growth Techniques,\u201d Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 285, Issue 4, pp. 493-499, Dec. 15, 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n
    10. Jie Lin<\/span><\/a>, Andreas Leven, <\/span>R. Reyes<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Y. K. Chen<\/span><\/a>, and <\/span>Fow-sen Choa<\/span><\/a>, \u201cOptical waveguide loss caused by metal film,\u201d J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B.23, pp: 1361. July, 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n
    11. J. Cai, F. S. Choa and J Fan, \u201cVery Low Threshold, Carrier-Confined Semiconductor Lasers by A Single Selective Area Growth\u201d, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 88, 171110, 2006.<\/span><\/li>\n
    12. Jingzhou Yan, Jianxin Cai, Guoyun Ru, Xiuqin Yu, J. Fan, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cInGaAsP\/InP Dual Wavelength Bipolar Cascade Lasers\u2019, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., Vol. 18, pp. 1777- 1779 Aug.15, 2006.<\/span><\/li>\n
    13. Zhijun Liu, Daniel Wasserman, Scott S. Howard, Anthony J. Hoffman, Claire F. Gmachl, Xiaojun Wang, Tawee Tanbun-Ek, Liwei Cheng, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cRoom Temperature Continuous-wave Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown by MOCVD without Lateral Regrowth\u201d, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 18, pp. 1347-1349, 2006.<\/span><\/li>\n
    14. X. J. Wang<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>J. Y. Fan<\/span><\/a>, and <\/span>T. Tanbun-Ek<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>F.-S. Choa<\/span><\/a>, \u201cLow threshold quantum-cascade lasers of room temperature continuous-wave operation grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition,\u201d Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 90, pp. 211103, 2007.<\/span><\/li>\n
    15. Zhijun Liu, Claire F. Gmachl, Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, Fred J. Towner, Xiaojun Wang, and Jenyu Fan, \u201cTemperature Dependence of Optical Gain and Loss in <\/span>\u03bb<\/span>~8.2\u201310.2 <\/span>\u03bc<\/span>m Quantum-Cascade Lasers,\u201d IEEE J. Quantum. Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 485-492, May 2008.<\/span><\/li>\n
    16. Hoffman Anthony J.; Sridhar Aishwarya; Braun Phillip X.; Alekseyev Leonid; Howard Scott S.; Franz Kale J.; Cheng Liwei; Choa Fow-Sen; Sivco Deborah L.; Podolskiy Viktor A.; Narimanov Evgenii E.; Gmachl Claire, Midinfrared semiconductor optical metamaterials<\/span>
      \n<\/span>Journal of Applied Physics; vol. 105, issue. 12, pp. 122411-122417, 2009<\/span><\/li>\n
    17. Ribaudo T.; Shaner E. A.; Howard S. S.; Gmachl C.; Wang X. J.; Choa F.-S.; Wasserman D.<\/span>
      \n<\/span>Active control and spatial mapping of mid-infrared propagating surface plasmons<\/span>
      \n<\/span>Optics Express; vol. 17, issue 9. pp. 7019 \u2013 7024, 2009<\/span><\/li>\n
    18. M. Jang, R.W. Adams, J.X. Chen, W.O. Charles, C. Gmachl, L.W. Cheng, F.-S. Choa, and M.A. Belkin, “Room-temperature operation of 3.6mum InGaAs\/AlInAs quantum cascade laser sources based on intracavity second harmonic generation,” <\/span>Appl. Phys. Lett<\/span><\/i>. 97, 141103, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n
    19. M.-W. Chu, S. C. Liou, C.-P. Chang, F.-S. Choa, and C. H. Chen, \u201cEmergent Chemical Mapping at Atomic-Column Resolution by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy in an Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscope\u201d, Physics Review Lett., vol. 104, 196101-1-4, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n
    20. R. A. Flynn, C. S. Kim, I. Vurgaftman, M. Kim, J. R. Meyer, A. J. M\u00e4kinen, K. Bussmann, L. Cheng, F.-S. Choa, and J. P. Long, \u201cA room-temperature semiconductor spaser operating near 1.5 \u03bcm,\u201d Optical Express, Vol. 19, No. 9, pp. 8954-8961, April 2011.<\/span><\/li>\n
    21. Dingkai Guo, Liwei Cheng, Xing Chen,\u00a0 Fow-Sen Choa, Jenyu Fan, and Terry Worchesky, \u201cElectrical derivative measurement of quantum cascade lasers\u201d, Journal. of Appl. Phys., vol. 109, 043105-1-3, 2011<\/span><\/li>\n
    22. Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Douglas Janssen, Jenyu Fan, Fred Towner, Fow-Sen Choa, “Analysis of InP regrowth on deep-etched mesas and structural characterization for buried-heterostructure quantum cascade laser,” Journal of Electronic Materials, Oct. 27, 2011 DOI: 10.1007\/s11664-011-1793-8.<\/span><\/li>\n
    23. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Yordan Kostov, and Fow-Sen Choa,\u201cQuantum cascade laser based standoff photoacoustic chemical detection\u201d, Optical Express, Vol. 19, No. 21, pp. 20251- 20257, October 2011.<\/span><\/li>\n
    24. Xing Chen, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Chen-Chia Wang, Sudhir Trivedi, Jenyu Fan, \u201cStandoff photoacoustic detection of explosives using quantum cascade lasers and ultra-sensitive microphones\u201d, Applied Optics, Vol. 52, Iss. 12, pp. 2626\u20132632, 2013.<\/span><\/li>\n
    25. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Alexey Belyanin, and Fow-Sen Choa, “Mid-IR Optical Amplification and Detection using Quantum Cascade Lasers”, Optical Express, Vol. 21, Issue 25, pp. 30545-30552 (2013).<\/span><\/li>\n
    26. Dingkai Guo<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>Hong Cai<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>Muhammad Anisuzzaman Talukder<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>Xing Chen<\/span><\/a>,<\/span>Anthony M. Johnson<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>Jacob B. Khurgin<\/span><\/a>and\u00a0<\/span>Fow-Sen Choa<\/span><\/a>, ” Near-infrared induced optical quenching effects on mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers, “Appl. Phys. Lett.\u00a0104, 251102, 2014.<\/span><\/li>\n
    27. Hong Cai<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>Sheng Liu<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>Elaine Lalanne<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>Dingkai Guo<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>Xing Chen<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Xiaojun Wang<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>Fow-Sen Choa<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span>Anthony M. Johnson<\/span><\/a>, “Femtosecond measurements of near-infrared pulse induced mid-infrared transmission modulation of quantum cascade lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett.\u00a0104, 211101, 2014.<\/span><\/li>\n
    28. David Eisen, Kevin Zhang, Linh Pham, Fow-Sen Choa, Nicole Armstrong, Phillip Aye, Ricardo Aye, George Bennett, Robert Hawthorne, Huguens Jean, Kimberly Brown, \u201c Power Delivery Studies of Windbelt Generators With Different Architectures\u201d, Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, vol. 8. pp. 1942-1951, Dec. 2014.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
    29. Xiaoming Du , Fow-Sen Choa , Ann Summerfelt , Malle A. Tagamets, Laura M. Rowland, Peter Kochunov, Paul Shepard, L. Elliot Hong, \u201cNeural Summation in Human Motor Cortex by Subthreshold Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations\u201d, Experimental Brain Research, DOI 10.1007\/s00221-014-4146-z,\u00a0 Jan. 2015.<\/span><\/li>\n
    30. Yuchao Jiang, Lu Li, Hao Ye, Rui, Yang, Tetsuya Mishima, Michael Santos, Matthew Johnson, Jui-Yang Feng, Fow-Sen Choa, “InAs-Based Single-Mode Distributed-Feedback Interband Cascade Lasers,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 51, No. 9, Paper 2300307, Sep.\u00a0 2015<\/span><\/li>\n
    31. Choa, F.-S. (2016). Chapter 1. Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs): Basics, Advanced Devices, and Applications. In Joseph D. Bennett (Ed.), <\/span>Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs): Types and<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Page 13 of 26 Applications <\/span><\/i>(pp. pp. 1-40). Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.<\/span><\/p>\n

      www.novapublishers.com\/catalog\/product_info.php?products_id=60155.<\/span><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Dingkai Guo, Jiun-Yun Li, Liwei Cheng, Xing Chen, Terry Worchesky, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cWidely tunable integrated mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers using super-structure grating reflectors\u201d, MDPI – Photonics, 3(2), 25, paper 127585, doi: 10.3390\/photonics302\u200b0025, May 2016.<\/span><\/li>\n
      2. N.B. Singh, Ching-Hua Su, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa, Teja Nagaradona, “Effect of impurities and growth parameters on the quality of Tl3AsSe3 optical crystal”, Optical Materials, vol. 60 (2016) pp. 81-85. doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optmat.2016.07.009<\/span><\/li>\n
      3. N.B. Singh, Ching-Hua Su, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa, “Optical and morphological characteristics of zinc selenide-zinc sulfide solid solution crystals”, Optical Materials vol. 60,\u00a0 (2016) pp. 474-480. doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optmat.2016.08.031<\/span><\/li>\n
      4. Xiaoming Du, Laura M. Rowland, Ann Summerfelt, Joshua Chiappelli, Fow-Sen Choa, Peter Kochunov, L. Elliot Hong, “N100 as a Generic Cortical Electrophysiological Marker Based on Decomposition of TMS Evoked Potentials across Five Anatomic Locations”, Experimental Brain Research, Volume 235, Issue\u00a01, pp 69\u201381, January 2017. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00221-016-4773-7<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
      5. Xiaoming Du, Peter Kochunov, Ann Summerfelt, Joshua Chiappelli, Fow-Sen Choa, L. Elliot Hong, \u201cThe role of white matter microstructure in inhibitory deficits in patients with schizophrenia\u201d, Brain Stimulation, March\u2013April, 2017, Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages 283\u2013290. DOI: <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2016.11.006<\/span><\/a>. (Impact factor 6.08)<\/span><\/li>\n
      6. Narsingh Bahadur Singh<\/span><\/a>; Christopher Cooper<\/span><\/a>; Pietro Strobbia<\/span><\/a>; Narasimha Prasad<\/span><\/a>; Ching Hua Su<\/span><\/a>; Bradley Arnold<\/span><\/a>; Fow-Sen Choa<\/span><\/a>, “Nanomorphology and performance of pure and doped lead selenide for infrared detector”, <\/span>Opt. Eng<\/span><\/i>. 56(7), 077106 (Jul 19, 2017).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        doi:10.1117\/1.OE.56.7.077106.<\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. N. B. Singh, Ching Hua Su, Bradley Arnold and Fow-Sen Choa, Stacey Sova and Christopher Cooper, \u201cMultifunctional 2D- Materials: Gallium Selenide\u201d, J. Materials Today 4, 4 5478-5487 (2017)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
        2. Qinglei Meng, Deepa Gupta, Abenezer Wudenhe, Xiaoming Du, L. Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa<\/span>, “<\/span>Three-dimensional EEG signal tracking for reproducible monitoring of self-contemplating imagination”, Adv. Sci. Technol. Eng. Syst. J. 2(3), 1634-1646 (2017); <\/span>DOI:\u00a0<\/span>10.25046\/aj0203203<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
        3. Mohammad Islam, Douglas Janssen, David Chao, Jerry Gu, David Eisen, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cElectricity Derived from Plants\u201d, Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 11 (2017) 614-619. doi: 10.17265\/1934-8975\/2017.09.007<\/span><\/li>\n
        4. Qinglei Meng, Michael Daugherty, Prashil Patel, Sudhir Trivedi, Xiaoming Du, Elliot Hong & Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cHigh-sensitivity and spatial resolution transient magnetic and electric field probes for transcranial magnetic stimulator characterizations\u201d, Instrumentation Science & Technology, Pages 1-17, online: 22 Dec 2017, DOI: 10.1080\/10739149.2017.1401547<\/span><\/li>\n
        5. Qinglei Meng, Mitchell Cherry, Ahmed Refai, Xiaoming Du, Hanbing Lu, Elliot Hong, Yihong Yang, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cDevelopment of Focused Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Rodents by Copper-Array Shields\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 14 February 2018, DOI:\u00a0 10.1109\/TMAG.2018.2796098<\/span><\/li>\n
        6. Deepa Gupta, Xing Chen, Chen-Chia Wang, Sudhir Trivedi, and Fow-Sen Choa,\u201d<\/span> Stand-Off Chemical Detection Using Photoacoustic Sensing Techniques\u2014From Single Element to Phase Array\u201d, MDPI Chemosensors, 2018, 6, 6; doi:10.3390\/chemosensors6010006<\/span><\/li>\n
        7. Qinglei Meng, Li Jing, Jean Paul Badjo, Xiaoming Du, Elliot Hong, Yihong Yang, Hanbing Lu, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cA novel transcranial magnetic stimulator for focal stimulation of rodent brain\u201d, Brain Stimulation, March 1, 2018. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2018.02.018<\/span><\/a> (Impact factor 6.08)<\/span><\/li>\n
        8. Mohammad Islam, Douglas Janssen, Carlos Romero-Talamas, Dan Kostov, Wanpeng Wang, Zhongchi Liu, Narsingh B. Singh1, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201dNuclear Radiation Monitoring Using Plants\u201d, ASME Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science, 4(4), 041016 (Sep 10, 2018), NERS-17-1087; doi: 10.1115\/1.4040364.<\/span><\/li>\n
        9. Xiaoming Du, Laura M. Rowland, Ann Summerfelt, Fow-Sen Choa, George F. Wittenberg, Krista Wisner, Andrea Wijtenburg, Joshua Chiappelli, Peter Kochunov, L. Elliot Hong. (2018) Cerebellar-Stimulation Evoked Prefrontal Electrical Synchrony Is Modulated by GABA. <\/span>The Cerebellum<\/span><\/i> October 2018,\u00a0Volume 17,\u00a0<\/span>Issue\u00a05<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0pp 550\u2013563.\u00a0 <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-018-0945-2<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
        10. Xiaoming Du, Laura M. Rowland, Ann Summerfelt, Andrea Wijtenburg, Joshua Chiappelli, Krista Wisner, Peter Kochunov, Fow-Sen Choa, L. Elliot Hong, \u201cTMS evoked N100 reflects local GABA and glutamate balance. Brain Stimulation\u201d, Brain Stimulation 11 (2018), PMID 29759942 DOI: 10.1016\/j.brs.2018.05.002.<\/span><\/li>\n
        11. Xiaoming Du, Fow-Sen Choa, Joshua Chiappelli, Krista M. Wisner, George Wittenberg, Bhim Adhikari, Heather Bruce, Laura M. Rowland, Peter Kochunov, and L. Elliot Hong, \u201cAberrant Middle Prefrontal-Motor Cortex Connectivity Mediates Motor Inhibitory Biomarker in Schizophrenia\u201d, Biological Psychiatry,<\/span> January 1, 2019; 85:49\u201359. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.06.007<\/span><\/a>. (Impact factor 11.98).<\/span><\/li>\n
        12. Singh, N., Su, C.-H., Arnold, B., Choa, F.-S., Cullum, B. M., Sova, S., Cooper, C. (2019). Morphological and Optical Characteristics of Transition Metal Doped PVT Grown Zinc Selenide Single Crystal. Crystal Research and Technology, 54(4), 1800231. <\/span>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crat.201800231<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
        13. Singh, N., Su, C.-H., Choa, F.-S., Arnold, B., Gill, P., Su, C., Emge, I., Sood, R. (2020). Effect of Doping on the Electrical Characteristics of ZnSe. Crystals, 10(7), 551. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cryst10070551<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
        14. Singh, N., Su, C.-H., Choa, F.-S., Arnold, B., Cooper, C., Cullum, B. M., Kelly, L. A. (2020). Morphology and performance of organic nanocomposites for gamma-ray sensing. EMERGING MATERIALS RESEARCH, 9(2), 520-526. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/jemmr.18.00050<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
        15. Deepa Gupta, Ann Summerfelt, Jennifer Luzhansky, Daniel Li, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa \u201cLEDA-Localized-EEG Dynamics Analyzer: a MATLAB-Based Innovative Toolbox for Analysis of EEG Source Dynamics. Journal of Signal Processing Systems.<\/span> 93, pages. 951\u2013964,\u00a0 22 January 2021. <\/span>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s11265-020-01617-z<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
        16. Pirtchard, K., Chabot, J. P., Tsai, P., Robucci, R. W., Choa, F.-S., Osovizky, A., Ziegler, J., Binkley, E., Hadad, N., Jackson, M., Hurlbut, C., Baltic, G.M., Majkrzak, C.F., Maliszewskyj, N.C. (2021). \u201cMeasuring deadtime and double-counts in a non-paralyzable scintillating neutron detector using arrival time statistics\u201d, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1001. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nima.2021.165270<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
        17. Kevin Pritchard, Jean Philippe Chabot, R Robucci, Fow-Sen Choa, A Osovizky, Jeffrey Ziegler, E Binkley, Peter Tsai, Nancy Hadad, M Jackson, C Hurlbut, George M Baltic, CF Majkrzak, Nicholas C Maliszewskyj, \u201cReal-Time Signal Processing for Mitigating SiPM Dark Noise Effects in a Scintillating Neutron Detector\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Volume: 68, Issue: 7, July 2021, Page(s): 1519 \u2013 1527,<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TNS.2021.3091008<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Brett Setera, Ching-Hua Su, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa, Lisa Kelly, Rachit Sood, NB Singh, \u201cComparative Study of Bulk and Nanoengineered Doped ZnSe\u201d, 2022\/1, Crystals,\u00a0 Vol. 12, Issue 1, <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cryst12010071<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
          2. H Bagherzadeh, Q Meng, H Lu, E Hong, Y Yang, FS Choa, \u201cHigh-Performance Magnetic-core Coils for Targeted Rodent Brain Stimulations\u201d, AAAS BME Frontiers, 2022\/3\/7, <\/span>https:\/\/downloads.spj.sciencemag.org\/bmef\/2022\/9854846.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
          3. Hedyeh Bagherzadeh, Qinglei Meng, Zhi-De Deng, Hanbing Lu, Elliot Hong, Yihong Yang, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cAngle-Tuned Coils: Attractive Building Blocks for TMS with Improved Depth-Spread Performance\u201d, IOP, Journal of Neural Engineering, 22 April 2022, <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ac697c<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
          4. Islam, M. S., Younis, M. F., Mahmud, M., Carter, G. M., Choa, F.-S. A Peak Detection Based Ook Photoacoustic Modulation Scheme for Air to Underwater Communication. SSRN Electronic Journal. <\/span>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4108405<\/span><\/a> Online Publication: May 13, 2022.<\/span><\/li>\n
          5. Mahmud, M., Islam, M. S., Ahmed, A., Younis, M. F., Choa, F.-S. (2022). Cross-Medium Photoacoustic Communications: Challenges, and State of the Art. Sensors, 22(11), 4224. <\/span>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3390\/s22114224<\/span><\/a> .<\/span><\/li>\n
          6. Singh, A., Machuga, K. S., Prasad, H., Mandal, K., Kelly, L. A., Arnold, B., Choa, F.-S., Cullum, B. M., Singh, N. (2022). Dissolution of Kidney Stones; Nano and Micro Morphologies Developed During Remelting. Current Research in Matierials Chemistry, 3(1), 113-117. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33790\/crmc1100113<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
          7. Singh, N., Knight, T., Choa, F.-S., Arnold, B., Loiacono, J., Betley, J. (2022). Ferrites Embedded Nanocomposites for High-Q inductors. Current Research in Materials Chemistry, 4(1). <\/span>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.33790\/crmc1100114<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
          8. Hasan, M. S., Borhani, S., Ramamurthy, S. S., Andar, A., Ge, X., Choa, F.-S., Kostov, I. V., Rao, G. (2022). Microwave induced thermally assisted solvent-based bonding of biodegradable thermoplastics: an eco-friendly rapid approach for fabrication of microfluidic devices and analyte detection. Scientific Reports, 12(1). <\/span>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-20257-w<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
          9. Book chapter: Meng, Q., Bagherzadeh, H., Hong, E., Yang, Y., Lu, H., Choa, F.-S. Angle-Tuned Coil: A Focality-Adjustable Transcranial Magnetic Stimulator. Brain and Human Body Modelling 2021 (pp. 89-97). Springer International Publishing. <\/span>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-15451-5_6<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
          10. Md Shafiqul Islam, Mohamed Younis, Muntasir Mahmud, Gary Carter, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cA peak detection based OOK photoacoustic modulation scheme for air to underwater communication\u201d, Optics Communications,Volume 529, 2023, 129078, ISSN 0030-4018, <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.optcom.2022.129078<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
          11. Varanasi, Sravani, Roopan Tuli, Fei Han, Rong Chen, and Fow-Sen Choa. 2023. “Age Related Functional Connectivity Signature Extraction Using Energy-Based Machine Learning Techniques” Sensors 23, no. 3: 1603. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23031603<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
          12. Deepa Gupta, Xiaoming Du, Ann Summerfelt, L. Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cBrain connectivity signature extractions from TMS invoked EEGs,\u201d Sensors 2023, 23, 4078.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23084078<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Rachit Sood, Chaoran Tu, Douglas Bamford, Joel Henseley, David Woolf, Curtis Menyuk, NB Singh and Fow-Sen Choa,\u201d Nano Moth-eye Structures Fabricated Using Ultra-thin Photoresist and Combined Dry and Wet Etches\u201d, J. Nanomater Mol Nanotechnol 2023, 12:1, <\/span>https:\/\/www.scitechnol.com\/peer-review\/nano-motheye-structures-fabricate-using-ultrathin-photoresist-and-combined-dry-and-wet-etches-jSfF.php?article_id=21128<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
            2. Machuga, K. S., Tauraso, A., Kazmi, M., Su, C. H., Cullum, B. M., Arnold, B., Choa, F.-S., Prasad, N. S., Singh, N. (2023). \u201cEffect of High Energy Radiation on Electrical Properties of Synthetic Bone Materials\u201d. International Journal of Ceramics Engineering and Science, 33(1-3), 89-93. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ces2.10202<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
            3. Singh, N., Su, C. H., Choa, F.-S., Arnold, B., Cullum, B. M., Mandal, K. D. (2023). Morphological Evolution and Transition at Nanoscale in BSTO Ceramic Materials. Ferroelectrics, 611(1), 10. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00150193.2023.2201789<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
            4. Mahmud, M., Younis, M. F., Choa, F.-S., Ahmed, A. (2024). Optical Focusing-based Adaptive Modulation for Air-to-Underwater Optoacoustic Communication. IEEE Sensors Journal, 24(6), 8596-8614. doi: 10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3340092.<\/span><\/li>\n
            5. Du, X., Choa, F.-S., Chiappelli, J., Bruce, H., Kvarta, M., Summerfelt, A., Ma, Y., Regenold, W. T., Walton, K., Wittenberg, G. F., Hare, S., Gao, S., van der Vaart, A., Zhao, Z., Chen, S., Kochunov, P., Hong, L. E. (2024). Combining neuroimaging and brain stimulation to test alternative causal pathways for nicotine addiction in schizophrenia. Brain Stimulation, 17(2), 324-332. <\/span>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2024.02.020<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
            6. Tauraso, A., Machuga, K. S., McAdams, J., Su, C. H., Cullum, B. M., deCarvalho, T., Prasad, N. S., Arnold, B., Choa, F.-S., Mandal, K. D., Singh, N. (2024). Effect of High Energy Radiation on the Electrical and Optical Characteristics of Bioactive Glasses. Optical Engineering, 63(3), 037105. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.OE.63.3.037105<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
            7. Allen, J. D., Varanasi, S., Han, F., Hong, L. E., Choa, F.-S. (2024). Functional Connectivity Biomarker Extraction for Schizophrenia Based on Energy Landscape Machine Learning Techniques. Sensors, 24(23), 7742. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24237742<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
            8. Bowman, E., Scheurer, L., Arnold, B., Su, C. H., Choa, F.-S., Cullum, B. M., Singh, N. (2024). Morphology and Luminescence Properties of Transition Metal Doped Zinc Selenide Crystals. Journal of Fluorescence. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10895-024-04009-9<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
            9. Bin Saif, J.; Younis, M.; Choa, F.-S. Three-Dimensional Localization of Underwater Nodes Using Airborne Visible Light Beams. Photonics 2025, 12, 503. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/photonics12050503<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
            10. M. Mahmud, M. Younis, F. -S. Choa and A. Ahmed, “Optical Focusing-Based Adaptive Modulation for Air-to-Underwater Optoacoustic Communication,” in IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 8596-8614, 15 March15, 2024, doi: 10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3340092<\/span><\/li>\n
            11. Muntasir Mahmud, Mohamed Younis, Masud Ahmed, Fow-Sen Choa, “Deep Learning-Based Joint Channel Equalization and Symbol Detection for Air-Water Optoacoustic Communications”, IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, vol.11, no.3, pp.1482-1492, 2025. doi:10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3480036<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Non-referred:<\/span><\/p>\n

              Muntasir Mahmud, Mohamed Younis, Gary Carter, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cUnderwater Node Localization using Optoacoustic Signals\u201d, arXiv:2201.08540, Jan. 21, 2022, <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2201.08540<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Charles Lu, Zhi-De Deng, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cAugmenting Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Coil with Magnetic Material: An Optimization Approach\u201d, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, bioRxiv, 2022\/1\/1, <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2022.01.21.477303<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Hedyeh Bagherzadeh, Qinglei Meng, Z Deng, Hanbing Lu, Elliott Hong, Yihong Yang, F Choa, \u201cAngle-Tuned TMS Coils: Building Blocks for Brain Stimulation with Improved Depth-Spread Performance\u201d, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, bioRxiv, 14 Dec 2021, <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.13.472217<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              Refereed Conference Papers<\/b>:<\/span><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, “Low noise GaAs avalanche photodiodes: a new device structure,” paper TQ28, Optical Fiber Communication \/ Integrated Optics and Optical fiber communication (OFC\/IOOC), 1987.<\/span><\/li>\n
              2. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, “General consideration for the design of low noise multistage avalanche photodiodes,” paper W148, Conference on Laser and Electro-Optics (CLEO), 1987.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              3. H. S. Kwok, J. P. Zheng, L. Shi, F. S. Choa, P. L. Liu, “Intensity-dependent photoluminescence spectra of semiconductor-doped glasses,” paper WQ4, CLEO, 1988.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              4. F. S. Choa, G. W. Burr, P. L. Liu, “Gain curve manipulation: a new approach to generate broadband pulses,” paper ME7, OSA Annual meeting, 1988.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              5. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, “Continuous-wave synchronously pumped Q-switch No. 5 dye laser,” paper ME9, OSA Annual meeting, 1988.<\/span><\/li>\n
              6. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, ‘k-ratio improvement by-a sharp p-n junction,” paper THAA5, OSA Annual meeting, 1988.<\/span><\/li>\n
              7. T. L. Koch, F. S. Choa, F. Heismann, U. Koren, “Tunable multiple-quantum-well distributedBragg-reflector lasers as tunable narrowband receivers,” postdeadline paper PD 1, Integrated and Guide-Wave Optics (IGWO), 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
              8. F. S. Choa, Y. Liu, P. L. Liu, “Continuous-wave synchronously pumped No. 5 dye laser,” paper WF48, CLEO, 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
              9. F. S. Choa, T. L. Koch, U. Koren, B. 1. Miller, ‘Optoelectronic properties of InGaAs\/InGaAsP multiple-quantum-well waveguide detectors,” paper OE14.3, IEEE LEOS Annual meeting, 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
              10. T. L. Koch, U. Koren, R. P. Gnall, F. S. Choa, F. Hernandez-Gil, C. A. Burrus, M. G. Young, M. Oron, B. 1. MilIer, “GaInAs\/GaInAsP multiple-quantum-well integrated heterodyne receiver,” postdeadline paper PD I, IEEE LEOS Annual meeting, 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n
              11. A. H. Gnauck, U. Koren, T. L. Koch, F. S. Choa, G. Raybon, C. A. Burrus, G. Eisenstein, “Four-channel WDM transmission experiment using a photonic-integrated-circuit transmitter,” postdeadline paper PD26, Optical Fiber Communication Conference, 1990.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              12. F. S. Choa, and T. L. Koch, “A theoretical model for the tunable resonant amplifying photodetectors (TRAP),” paper TuH4, OSA Integrated Photonic Research Conference, 1990,\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              13. F. S. Choa, and T. L. Koch, “Static and dynamical characteristics of narrowband tunable resonant amplifiers as active filters and receivers”, paper CThl5l CLEO, 1990.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              14. U. Koren, T. L. Koch, A. Gnauck, F. S. Choa, M, G. Young, M. Oron, C. A. Burrus, B. I. Miller, G. Raybon, “Crosstalk and transmission measurements of a wavelength division multiplexing photonic integrated circuit,” paper CWM2, CLEO, 1990.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              15. F. S. Choa, T. L. Koch, U. Koren, and C. A. Burrus, “Novel optical-power-controlled oscillator with multigigahertz oscillation frequency range,” paper OE5.3, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, 1990.<\/span><\/li>\n
              16. F. S. Choa, and T. L. Koch, “Monolithic tunable optical active filters and receivers based on optical resonant amplifier structure,” paper 803.3 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 1990.<\/span><\/li>\n
              17. F. S. Choa, Y. H. Lee, B. Tell, T. L. Koch, C. A. Burrus, J. L. Jewell, “Dynamic Characteristics of a High-performance vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser,” paper TuF2, Optical Fiber Communication Conf., 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n
              18. F. S. Choa, K. Tai, W. T. Tsang, S. N. G. Chu,, “High reflectivity, 1.55 lam, InP\/InGaAsP, surface-emitting-laser mirror grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” paper UB.6, Epitaxial Materials and In-Situ Processing for Optoelectronic Devices, IEEE Summer Topical meeting, 1991.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              19. K. Tai, F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, S. N. G. Chu, J. D. Wynn, “Room temperature photopumped in quantum well surface emitting lasers with InGaAsP\/InP distributed Bragg reflectors,” Paper MHH5, OSA Annual Meeting 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n
              20. S. Chandrasekhar, A. H. Gnauck, B. Glance, A. G. Dentai, C. H. Joyner, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, G. J. Qua, “Multi-gigabit long wavelength monolithic OEIC photoreceivers using heterojunction bipolar transistors,” paper 1622-34, Conference on Emerging Optoelectronic Technologies, SPIE, IEEE, 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n
              21. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. A. Logan, A. M. Sergent, C. A. Burrus, “Long wavelength InGaAsP\/InP distributed feedback lasers incorporating Gain-coupled mechanism,” Paper CTuA7, CLEO’92, 1992.<\/span><\/li>\n
              22. Y. K. Chen, M. C. Wu, W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, R. A. Logan, M. A. Chin, A. M. Sergent, “Single-mode picosecond optical pulses generated by a semiconductor DFB laser with quantum well loss grating,” Paper CTuF4, CLEO’92, 1992.<\/span><\/li>\n
              23. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R- A. Logan, S. N. G. Chu, A. M. Sergent, P. Magill and C. A. Burrus, “Long wavelength InGaAsP\/InP distributed feedback lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” Proceeding of the sixth international conference on metal organic vapor phase epitaxy, Paper TuB 1, pp. 21, 1992.<\/span><\/li>\n
              24. R. M. Kapre, W. T. Tsang, Y. K. Chen, M. C. Wu, M. A. Chin, F. S. Choa, “chemical beam epitaxy of GaInP on GaAs(100) substrates and its application to 0.98 gm lasers,” Proceeding of the sixth international conference on metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, Paper WD4, pp. 35, 1992.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              25. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, R- P. Gnall, T. L. Koch, C. A. Burrus, “InGaAs\/InGaAsP Integrated tunable detector grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” IEEE Summer Topic Meetings, paper WB3, 1992.<\/span><\/li>\n
              26. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, “InGaAsP\/InGaAs multi-quantum well distributedBragg-reflector lasers grown by chemical beam epitaxy,” SPIE, OE\/FIBERS’92, Sources and Detectors for Fiber Communications, paper 1788-15, 1992.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              27. W. T. Tsang, F. S. Choa, M. C. Wu, Y. K. Chen, R. A. Logan, S. N. G. Chu, A. M. Sergent, and C. A. Burrus, “Semiconductor distributed feedback lasers with quantum well or superlattice gratings for index or gain-coupled optical feedback,” The 13th Semiconductor Laser Conference, Japan, paper B 1, 1992<\/span><\/li>\n
              28. Y. K. Chen, M. C. Wu, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, “Short pulse generation using semiconductor lasers,” SPIE Proceeding, vol. 1680, High-Speed Electronics and Optoelectronics, pp. 80-86, 1992.<\/span><\/li>\n
              29. F. S. Choa, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan, R. P. Gnall, U. Koren, T. L. Koch, P. D. Magil, K. C. Reichmann, C. A. Burrus, “Design, fabrication, and performance of a very high side-modesuppression-Ratio distributed-Bragg-reflector laser,” IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper DLTA6,3, 1992.<\/span><\/li>\n
              30. G. M. Carter, F. S. Choa, K.Y. Huang, “Relative intensity noise measurement of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers,” IEEE LEOS Annual meeting, paper DLTAI 2.4, 1992.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              31. F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, “Multichannel operation characteristics of an WDM integrated tunable detector”, CLEO’93, paper CWJ96, 1993.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              32. B. Yang, J. C. Chen, F. S. Choa, “Enhancement of gold on n-InGaAs schottky barrier height by using thin p-InP layer,” Paper E8.9, Spring Meeting of the Materials Research Society, 1994.<\/span><\/li>\n
              33. F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, A. M. Sergent, “Very low threshold long wavelength surface emitting lasers,” Proceeding of IEEE CPMT and EIA 44th ECTC Optoelectronics, p. 632- 634, 1994.<\/span><\/li>\n
              34. F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, R. M. Kapre, W. T. Tsang, R. A. Logan “Packaging relaxed semiconductor lasers with diluted waveguide structure,” Proceeding of IEEE CPMT and EIA 44th ECTC Optoelectronics, p. 335-337, 1994.<\/span><\/li>\n
              35. F. S. Choa and H. J. Chao, “Photonic ATM switches for all optical high-speed networks,” Chinese American Academic & Professional Society CAAPS’94 Convention, New York City, Sep. 10- 1, 1994.<\/span><\/li>\n
              36. M. H. Shih, J. Y. Fan, C. Gopal, F. S. Choa, G. J. Simonis, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, A. M Sergent, “Emitting far field pattern study of long wavelength grating coupling surface emitting lasers,” IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper SLA.4, 1994.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              37. F. S. Choa, H. J. Chao, “A WDM implementation of optically transparent photonic ATM switches,” IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper OS3.3, 1994.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              38. F. S. Choa, H. J. Chao, “Photonic devices and integrated subsystem for all optical high speed networks,” Electrochemical Society 187th Meeting, Invited Paper 760, 1995.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              39. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, G. J. Simonis, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, “Optically controlled surface emitting beam switches,” paper CTuD8, CLEO’95, 1995.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              40. B. C. Gopal and F. S. Choa, “Performance of all optical wavelength conversion, logic operation and switching using semiconductor optical amplifiers,” IEEE Princeton\/Central Jersey Sarnoff symposium paper IIb4, 1995.<\/span><\/li>\n
              41. B. C. Gopal and F. S. Choa, “Comparative study of wavelength conversion schemes using semiconductor optical amplifiers,” IEEE LEOS Annual meeting, Paper WDM 3.4, 1995.<\/span><\/li>\n
              42. F. S. Choa, “All optical network technologies,” Invited paper, Electrochemical Society 188th Meeting, Paper\u00a0 429, 1996.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              43. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, “A very simple integrated coherent receiver with record high sensitivity,” IEEE Summer Topical Meeting, Broadband Optical Networks-Enabling Technologies and Applications, paper MC4, pp. 28-29, 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
              44. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, “High performance integrated coherent transceivers for optical access networks,” IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper TuS4, Nov. 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
              45. F. S. Choa, J. Y. Fan, P. -L. Liu, J. Sipior, G. Rao, G. M. Carter, Y. J. Chen, \u201cTime resolved spectra study of GaN light emitting diodes,\u201d IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper TuR4, 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
              46. J. P. Basrur, F. S. Choa, P. -L. Liu, J. Sipior, G. Rao, G. M. Carter, Y. J. Chen, \u201cCarrier recombination dynamics of InGaN\/GaN LEDs and its applications to the optimization of UV generation efficiency,\u201d Proceeding Material Research Society 1996 Fall Meeting, Boston, Symposium N: III-V Nitrides, paper N940, Dec. 2-6, 1996.<\/span><\/li>\n
              47. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus “Integrated Coherent Transceivers for Broadband Access Networks,” Invited Paper. Proceeding SPIE, Symposium on Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits, San Jose, Vol. 3006, pp. 234-242, Feb. 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
              48. M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus “Multichannel operating characteristics of integrated coherent receivers for optical networks,\u201d Conference of Laser and Electro-Optics Proc., pp. 282, paper CWJ5, 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
              49. J. H. Chen, Y. Chai, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, \u201cWDM channel monitoring and signal power control\/equalization using integrated tunable active filters,\u201d IEEE Summer Topical Meeting Proc., WDM components Technology, pp. 48, paper ThC3, 1997.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              50. H. J. Chao, F. S. Choa, M. H. Shih, T. -S. Wang, \u201cA dynamic dense WDM network\u201d, IEEE Summer Topical Meeting Proc, Technology for a global information infrastructure, pp. 13, paper MD3, 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
              51. Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, \u201cOptical filter stability requirements in wavelength division multiplexing systems with cascaded optical amplifiers\u201d, IEEE Summer Topical Meeting Proc, Technology for a global information infrastructure, pp. 36, paper TuD2, 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
              52. L. M. Wang, J. H. Chen, M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, \u201cCounter-mixing mode integrated heterodyne transceivers,\u201d IEEE Summer Topical Meeting Proc, Technology for a global information infrastructure, pp. 11, paper MD2, 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
              53. L. M. Wang, J. H. Chen, M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, \u201cA full-duplex coherent communication system using integrated transceivers with counter-mixing scheme\u201d, Proceeding of 23rd European Conference on Optical Communications, vol. 3, pp. 299-302, 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
              54. J. H. Chen, Y. Chai, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, R. A. Logan, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, \u201cApplication of integrated active filters in multichannel optical communication systems,\u201d Proceeding of 23rd European Conference on Optical Communications, vol. 3, pp. 235-238, 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
              55. X. Zhao, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, \u201cPerformance analysis of gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifiers using different clamping schemes,\u201d Proceeding IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Tu.Y4, pp. 337-338, 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
              56. J. H. Chen, X. Zhao, F. S. Choa, \u201cDesign consideration of semiconductor optical amplifier linearity,\u201d Proceeding IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Tu.X5, pp. 337-338, 1997.<\/span><\/li>\n
              57. L. Wang, Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, C. A. Burrus, “A time shared coherent access network capable of dynamic wavelength assignment and adjustable bandwidth partition,” Proceeding Optical Fiber Communication Conference, San Jose, CA, paper WM40, pp. 226-227, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              58. Y. Chai, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, J. P. Zhang, J. Y. Fan, W. Lin, “Scalable and modularized optical random access memories” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Conference Proceeding, San Francisco, paper CThO17, pp. 397, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              59. L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, “A secure and bandwidth-on-demand full service access network,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, San Francisco, paper CThO18, pp. 397-398, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              60. J. Fan, J. P. Zhang, Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, P-. L. Liu, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, G. Zydzik, C. A. Burrus, “Electrical control optical delay lines made of y-junction SOA switches,” Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Conference Proceeding, San Francisco, paper CThO44, pp. 415-416, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              61. Y. Chai, J. H. Chen, X. J. Zhao, J. P. Zhang, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, “A dynamically refreshable optical loop memory”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper 98T239, vol. 3491, pp 51-55, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, July 29-31, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              62. J. Y. Fan, X. Zhao, J. P. Zhang, F. S. Choa, Y. Chai, J. H. Chen, E. Miller, H. Motteler, P. -L. Liu, T. Tanbun-Ek, P. Wisk, W. T. Tsang, G. Zydzik, C. A. Burrus “Wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) data block switching for parallel computing and interconncet”, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper 98T241, vol. 3491, pp. 634-638, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, July 29-31, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              63. X. Zhao and F. S. Choa, \u201cPerformance analysis of nonlinear semiconductor optical amplifier devices operated near 100 Gb\/s speed\u201d, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper 98T238, vol. 3491, pp. 151-156, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, July 29-31, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              64. J. Y. Fan, L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, H. J. Chao, Z. Zhang, L. Wu, S. Yang, \u201cA photonic ATM front-end processor\u201d, Proceeding of 24th European Conference on Optical Communications, paper TUB27, pp. 246-246, Madrid, Spain, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              65. Y, Chai, J. H. Chen, X. J. Zhao, J. P. Zhang, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, W. Lin, \u201cOptical DRAMs using refreshable WDM loop memories\u201d, Proceeding of 24th European Conference on Optical Communications, paper TUA22, pp. 171-172, Madrid, Spain, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              66. Y. Zhao, J. H. Chen, Y. Sun, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, G. M. Carter, \u201cSimultaneously dual-wavelength picosecond pulse generation in a mode-locked fiber laser with a two-chromatic fiber grating\u201d, IEEE Laser and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, paper ThJ3, vol. 2 pp. 94-95, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              67. Y. Zhao, C. Shu, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, \u201cElectrical wavelength tuning of \u00bd-rational harmonic mode-locked pulses in a dispersion based fiber ring laser\u201d, IEEE Laser and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, paper ThJ2, vol. 2, pp. 92-93, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              68. J. H. Chen, Y. Chai, X. Zhao, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, \u201dExperimental studies on the performance of WDM optical fiber loop memories with filter misalignment\u201d, IEEE Laser and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, paper FP4, vol. 2, pp. 405-406, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              69. H. J. Chao, Z. Zhang, L. Wu, S. Yang, F. S. Choa, L. Wang, \u201cA photonic ATM front-end processor\u201d, IEEE Laser and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, paper WR3, vol. 1, pp. 287-288, 1998.<\/span><\/li>\n
              70. H. J. Chao, L. Wu, Z. Zhang, S. H. Yang, L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, J. Y. Fan, J. P. Zhang, F. S. Choa, \u201cA 2.5 Gbit\/s optical ATM cell synchronizer\u201d, Proceeding Optical Fiber Communication Conference, San Diego, CA, paper WM52, pp. 347-349, 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
              71. Y. Zhao, X. J. Zhao, J. H. Chen, F. S. Choa, Y. J. Chen, \u201cA novel bi-directional add.drop module for single fiber bi-directional self-healing wavelength division multiplexed ring networks\u201d, Proceeding Optical Fiber Communication Conference, San Diego, CA, paper TuL7, pp. 183-185, 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
              72. X. Zhao, Y. Zhao, J. Y. Fan, Y. chai, F. S. Choa, \u201cFast all optical switching and logic operations using a two section semiconductor optical amplifier\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Baltimore, MD, paper CTuK19, pp. 122-123, 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
              73. L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, M. H. Shih, F. S. Choa, \u201cDemonstration of a prototype bandwidth-on-demand broadband access network using monolithically integrated coherent trandceivers\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Baltimore, MD, paper CThK59, pp. 435-436, 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
              74. Y. Chai, J. H. Chen, X. Zhao, J. Y. Fan, F. S. Choa, \u201cPerformance evaluation of DBR active filters for very dense WDM systems\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Baltimore, MD, paper CWH5, pp. 307-308, 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
              75. F. S. Choa, Y. Zhao, L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, Q. S. Xiang, J. Y. Fan, J. P. Zhang, \u201cDirect modulation and wavelength division multiplexing in multimode fiber for 10 Gbit\/s data link applications\u201d, Proceedings European Conference on Network and Optical Communications, NOC\u201999 Broadband Access Technologies, Delft, Netherlands, pp. 170-174, 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
              76. F. S. Choa and H. J. Chao, \u201cTransparent all-optical packet routing \u2013 one network for all traffic\u201d, Proceedings European Conference on Network and Optical Communications, NOC\u201999 Broadband Access Technologies, Delft, Netherlands, pp. 217-224, 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
              77. Y. Chai, L.M. Wang, F.S. Choa, \u201cSignal stabilization of WDM loop memory with a gain clamped EDFA\u201d, Proc. IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper MB3, p21-22, Nov. 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
              78. Q. Xiang, Y. Zhao, Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, \u201cSchematic studies of 10 Gb\/s transmission over multimode fibers\u201d, Proc. IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper TUR2, p271-272, Nov. 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
              79. X. Wang, F. S. Choa, F. Liu, and T. L. Worchersky \u201cStudies of the band-edge emission mechanism in the InGaN blue LED\u201d, Proc. IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper ML2, p98-99, Nov. 1999.<\/span><\/li>\n
              80. F. S. Choa and H. J. Chao, \u201cAll-optical packet routing: architecture and implementation,\u201d Invited paper, SPIE, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits IV, Symposium on integrated optoelectronics, paper 3950-18, Jan. 23-28, San Jose, CA, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              81. L. Wu, H. J. Chao, X. J. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y Chai, J. P. Zhang, F. S. Choa, \u201c An FPGA controlled buffer memory\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, San Francisco, paper CWK68, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              82. Q. Xiang, F. S. Choa, \u201cWDM based high-speed optical dual-bus LANs\u201d, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper NA-II.3, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              83. Q. Xiang, F. S. Choa, \u201cScalable broadband wireless systems using dense WDM backbones\u201d, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper NA-II.4, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              84. X. Zhao, F. S. Choa, \u201cAnalytical formulation of the speed of semiconductor optical amplifier based all-optical devices\u201d, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper OCA-I.5, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              85. X. Wang, F. S. Choa, \u201cThe effect of background acceptor impurity on the radiative transition in low dimensional InGaAs material\u201d, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper SCL-I.2, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              86. J. P. Zhang, X. J. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. S. Xiang, F. S. Choa, \u201cAdiabatic mode expansion laser diodes fabricated by selective area growth\u201d, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper SCL-I.3, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              87. J. P. Zhang, X. J. Zhao, X. J. Wang, F. S. Choa, J. Lin, G. Carter, \u201cSelective area growth materials for widely tunable semiconductor lasers\u201d, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper SCL-I.3, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              88. Q. Xiang, Y. Zhao, F. S. Choa, \u201cTheoretical and experimental studies on analog fiber-optical link utilizing the FM-gain in transmissions\u201d, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper OTT-1.2, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              89. X. Zhao, F. S. Choa, \u201cAll-optical HIPPIs using photonic switches and optical buffer memories\u201d, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper TPC-1.2, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              90. X. Zhao, Y. Zhao, L. M. Wang, Y. Chai, F. S. Choa, \u201cA transparent all-optical packet network using digital header and arbitrary payload\u201d, Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper TPC-I.3, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              91. Y. Cai, T. Adali, Q. Xiang, X. Zhao, J. Zhang, F. S. Choa, \u201cAn adaptive equalization approach for canceling the multipath effect in multi-mode fibers\u201d Proceeding SPIE, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, paper CMDC-1.5, Quebec, Canada, June 12-16, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              92. X. Zhao, F. S. Choa, \u201c10 Gb\/s multimode fiber transmissions over any (loss-limited) distance using adaptive equalization techniques\u201d, ECOC\u20192000, Paper 7.3.6, Munich, Germany, Sep. 3-7, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              93. Y. Zhao, J. H. Chen, X. J. Zhao, F. S. Choa, \u201cIntraband-crosstalk free add\/drop module for wavelength-division-multiplexed ring networks\u201d, ECOC\u20192000, Paper 10.3.5, Munich, Germany, Sep. 3-7, 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              94. Q. Xiang, F.S. Choa, \u201cScalable broadband wireless backbone using fine-granule WDM\u201d, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper TuCC4, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico, Nov. 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              95. Q. Xiang, Y. Zhao, F.S. Choa, \u201c A high-performance RF-lightwave transmitter for analog fiber links\u201d, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper MP1, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico, Nov. 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              96. F. S. Choa, \u201cComparison of 10Gb\/s transmission schemes over already installed multimode fibers\u201d, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper TuBB5, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico, Nov. 2000.<\/span><\/li>\n
              97. J. P. Zhang, X. J. Wang, F. S. Choa, \u201cA broadband gain material for widely tunable lasers\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Baltimore, MD, paper CTuO3, pp. 208-209. May 6-11, 2001.<\/span><\/li>\n
              98. Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cOptical frame switching\/routing \u2013 architecture and implementation\u201d, The 2nd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications, and Technologies, Paper N316, July 9-11, 2001.<\/span><\/li>\n
              99. J. Lin, F. S. Choa, \u201cUltra-dense WDM techniques for scalable broadband wireless backbones\u201d, The 2nd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing, Applications, and Technologies, Paper N317, July 9-11, 2001.<\/span><\/li>\n
              100. J. P. Zhang, J. Lin, F. S. Choa, \u201cBroadband wavelength conversions using broadband SOAs\u201d, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper Tucc6, San Diago, CA, Nov. 11-15, 2001.<\/span><\/li>\n
              101. F. S. Choa, \u201cHigh-efficiency directly modulated laser links\u201d, International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, Invited Paper, Long Beach, CA., Oct. 7-10, 2001.<\/span><\/li>\n
              102. X. Xie, J. Khurgin, J Kang, F. S. Choa, \u201c Linear optical frequency discriminator\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Long Beach, CA, Paper CM16, 2002.<\/span><\/li>\n
              103. Y.\u00a0Ding, J\u00a0Zhang, F-S.\u00a0Choa, X.\u00a0Wang, J.\u00a0Khurgin, \u201cGrowth and characterization of GaAs\/AlAs superlattices: evidence of quasi-indirect transition between minibands\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Long Beach, CA, Paper CTuK46, 2002.<\/span><\/li>\n
              104. Jie Lin, Junping Zhang, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cLow-Crosstalk Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Long Beach, CA, Paper CTuS2, 2002.<\/span><\/li>\n
              105. Jie Lin and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cDemonstration of a broadband wireless backbone using ultra-dense WDM technology\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, Long Beach, CA, Paper CWD3, 2002.<\/span><\/li>\n
              106. Y. Gu, M. Patel, F. \u2013S. Choa, J. Khurgin, J. Thomas, J. Pinkston, \u201cA Portable Four-Element Position Locator\u201d, IEEE International Symposium on Advances in Wireless Communications, (ISWC’02), Victoria, Canada, September 23 – 24, 2002.<\/span><\/li>\n
              107. F. S. Choa and Jie Lin, \u201cIntegrated Photonic Devices for Optical and Wireless Networking\u201d, Seventeenth International Symposium On Computer and Information Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, October 28-30, 2002.<\/span><\/li>\n
              108. Y. Gu and F.S. Choa \u201cHigh Gain, High Speed, Low Noise Single-Avalanche-Stage APDs\u201d, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              109. Y. Gu, J. Yan, R. Madhan, and F. S. Choa, G. V. Jagannathan, S. Trivedi, and J. Feng, \u201cHigh-efficiency InP Based Multi-junction Solar Cells\u201c, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              110. Z. Chen, J. Cai, X. Ji, Y. Sun, J. Lin, X. Zhao, X. Yu, J. Zhang, F. -S. Choa, \u201cOn the Growth and Fabrication of an Integrated DFB Laser and EA Modulator\u201d, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              111. X. Zhao and F. -S. Choa, \u201cThe Effect of Contact Resistance in a Broad Band Semiconductor Optical Amplifier using SAG Techniques\u201d, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              112. Jingzhou Yan, Guoyun Ru, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cStudy of N-Type Si Delta Doping on InP and In0.53Ga0.47As\u201d, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              113. Jingzhou Yan, G. Ru, Y. Gong, F. S. Choa, \u201cStudy of P-Type Carbon Doping on In0.53Ga0.47As, In0.52Al0.2Ga0.28As and In0.52Al0.48As\u201d, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              114. G. Ru, J. Yan, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, T. Worchesky, \u201cIn1-xGaxAsyP1-y\u00a0 nipi Structure and Its Application to Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers\u201d, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              115. G. Ru, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, \u201c<\/span>\u0393<\/span>-X band mixing in GaAs\/AlAs superlattice\u201d, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              116. G. Ru, X. Yu, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, \u201cStudy of Wavelength Shift in Quantum Well Structure by MOCVD Selective Area Growth\u201c, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              117. G. Ru, X. Yu, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, \u201cStudy of Strain Effect in MOCVD Selective Area Growth\u201d, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              118. Y. Sun, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, \u201cA New Open-Hole Buried Heterostructure Process for the Fabrication of Photonic Integrated Circuits\u201d, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 2-5, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              119. X. Xie, J Khurgin, J. kang, F. S. Choa, Linearized electro-optical intensity modulator\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, paper CTuJ2, Baltimore, MD, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              120. J. Cai, Z. Chen, X. Ji, Y. Sun, J. Lin, X. Zhao, X. Yu, J. Zhang, J. Yan, M. Raj, F. -S. Choa, \u201cFast Frequency Tuning Characteristics of a FM laser based on the Integrated MQW DFB Laser \/EA Modulator Device\u201d, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper WT3, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 26-30, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              121. G. Ru, X. Yu, Y. Sun, Z. Chen, F. -S. Choa, \u201cWavelength shift and strain in quantum well structure by MOCVD selective area growth\u201d, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper WAA5, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 26-30, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              122. Y. Sun, X. M. Ji, Z. Chen, J. Z. Yan, J. X. Cai, M. Raj, F. -S. Choa, \u201cA New Open-Hole Buried Heterostructure Process for the Fabrication of Photonic Integrated Circuits\u201d, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper THCC5, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 26-30, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              123. Y. Gu and F.S. Choa, \u201cLow bias, Low Noise Single-Avalanche-Stage APDs\u201d, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper THZ6, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 26-30, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              124. Y. Gu, J. Yan, R. Madhan, and F. S. Choa, G. V. Jagannathan, S. Trivedi, and J. Feng, \u201cHigh-efficiency InP Based Four-junction Solar Cells\u201c,IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper THR5, Tucson, AZ, Oct. 26-30, 2003.<\/span><\/li>\n
              125. G. Ru, X Yu, J. Yan, M. Raj, F. \u2013S. Choa, J.B. Khurgin, \u201cSpatially-indirect photo- and electro-luminescence in the 1.3<\/span>\u03bc<\/span>m range at room temperature,\u201d Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, San Francisco, CA, Paper CTHF2, 2004.<\/span><\/li>\n
              126. Xiangjun Zhao, Fow-Sen Choa, and Junping Zhang, \u201cThe Effect of Series Resistance on the Linearity and Cross-talk of an SAG based Broad Band Semiconductor Optical Amplifier,\u201d Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, San Francisco, CA, Paper CTuP17, 2004.<\/span><\/li>\n
              127. J. Khurgin, J Kang, F. S. Choa, M. Boroditsky, \u201cComparative analysis of the optical buffers based on coupled resonators lines and on media with electromagnetically induced transparency,\u201d Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and International Quantum Electronics Proceeding, San Francisco, CA, Paper CWA14, 2004<\/span><\/li>\n
              128. Y. Sun, X. Yu, X. Ji, F.S. Choa \u201cSilicon OEICs with Optical Switching and Amplification Capability,\u201d IEEE LTIMC 2004 \u2013 Lightwave Technologies in Instrumentation & Measurement Conference, Palisades, New York, USA, 19 \u2013 20 October 2004.<\/span><\/li>\n
              129. Xiaoming Ji, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cA Novel Double-Side Heat-Removing Laser Structure for Very High Efficiency and High Power Lasers\u201d, IEEE LTIMC 2004 \u2013 Lightwave Technologies in Instrumentation & Measurement Conference, Palisades, New York, USA, 19 \u2013 20 October 2004.<\/span><\/li>\n
              130. F. S. Choa, \u201cUltra-broadband, High-Power, Low-Crosstalk, Low-Noise, Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers\u201d, Symposium on Technologies for High-Capacity Optical Communication. Invited paper, Taiwan, ROC, Dec 16-17, 2004<\/span><\/li>\n
              131. Jianxin Cai, Yonglin Gu, Xiaoming Ji, Liwei Cheng, Jingzhou Yan, Guoyun Ru and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cVery Low Threshold, Carrier- and Index-Confined Semiconductor Lasers by One Single Selective-Area-Growth\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CMFF2, Baltimore, MD, May 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n
              132. Xiaoming Ji, Jianxin Cai, Fow-sen Choa, Xiaojun Wang, Joseph Diep, Trach Le, \u201cThin-film Double-Side Heat Removal Laser Diodes\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CMFF1, Baltimore, MD, May 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n
              133. J. Yan, J. Cai, G. Ru, X.Yu, F. -S. Choa, \u201cInGaAsP\/InP Dual Wavelength Bipolar Cascade Lasers with 100nm Wavelength Spacing\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CMFF1, Baltimore, MD, May 2005<\/span><\/li>\n
              134. Jacob B. Khurgin, Xiaobo Xie, Fow Sen Choa, Xiuqin Yu, Jason Cai, Jingzhou Yan, Xiaoming Ji, Yonglin Gu, Yun Fang, Yang Sun, Zhibao Chen; \u201c<\/span>Optimization of the Performance of Frequency-Modulated DFB Semiconductor Laser: Theory and Experiment <\/span><\/a>\u201c, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CThA5, Baltimore, MD, May 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n
              135. Zhijun Liu, Daniel Wasserman, Scott S. Howard, and Claire F. Gmachl, Xiaojun Wang, Tawee Tanbun-Ek, Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cMOCVD-grown room temperature continuous-wave quantum cascade lasers without lateral regrowth\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CTuFF2, Long Beach, CA, May 2006<\/span><\/li>\n
              136. Guoyun Ru, Fow-Sen Choa, Xing Wei, Gang Chen, and Jacob B. Khurgin, \u201cMeasurement of the lifetimes of photo-excited carriers in type-I and type-II quantum well materials\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CThB3, Long Beach, CA, May 2006.<\/span><\/li>\n
              137. Stewart Wu, Xiucheng Wu, Fow-Sen Choa, Michael A. Krainak, \u201cMethods to improve gain and dark current of photon counting avalanche photo-diodes\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper: CThD5, Long Beach, CA, May 2006.<\/span><\/li>\n
              138. Xiaoming Ji, Liwei Cheng, Jianxin Cai, Guoyun Ru, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cHigh Power Slab-Coupled Waveguide Lasers\u201d, International Conference on Applications of Photonic Technology, SPIE Photonic North, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, paper Tu 11:20, June 5-8, 2006.<\/span><\/li>\n
              139. Y. Gu, X. Wu, S. Wu, F. S. Choa, F. Yan, P. Shu, M. Krainak, \u201c4×4 Individually Addressable InGaAs APD Arrays Optimized for Photon Counting Applications\u201d, IEEE Summer Topical Meeting, paper MD1. Quebec City, QC, Canada, July 17\u201319, 2006<\/span><\/li>\n
              140. Zhijun Liu, Daniel Wasserman, Scott S Howard, Anthony J Hoffman, Claire F Gmachl, Xiaojun Wang, Tawee Tanbun-Ek, Liwei Cheng, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cHigh Performance Quantum Cascade Lasers Grown by MOCVD without Lateral Regrowth\u201d, ICPS 2006, Vienna, Austria, July 24-28, 2006.<\/span><\/li>\n
              141. (Invited paper) F. S. Choa, \u201cGrowth technology for ultrabroad band high-power low-crosstalk gain materials\u201d, IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, paper TuS3, Boston, Oct.29-Nov 2,2006.<\/span><\/li>\n
              142. (Invited paper) Fow-Sen Choa, Liwei Cheng, Xiaoming Ji, Zhijun Liu, Daniel Wasserman, Scott S. Howard, Claire F. Gmachl, Xiaojun Wang, Jenyu Fan, Jacob Khurgin, \u201cMOCVD Growth and Regrowth of Quantum Cascade Lasers\u201d, SPIE Photonic West, San Jose, CA, paper 6485-22, Jan 20-25, 2007\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              143. Zhijun Liu, Grace Silva,2, Jayson J. Paulose, Claire F. Gmachl, Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, Rich Leavitt, Fred J. Towner, Xiaojun Wang, Jenyu Fan, \u201cTemperature-Dependent Gain and Loss in High Performance Quantum Cascade Lasers at 8.2 and 10.3 um\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper CTuO4, Baltimore, MD, May 2007.<\/span><\/li>\n
              144. X. Wu, Y Gu, F. Yan, F. S. Choa, P. Shu, \u201cHigh Uniformity, Stability, and Reliability Large-Format InGaAs APD Arrays\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper CMII2, Baltimore, MD, May 2007.<\/span><\/li>\n
              145. Xiaojun Wang, Jenyu Fan, Tawee Tanbun-Ek, Fow-Sen\u00a0 Choa, \u201cLow-threshold-density room-temperature continuous-wave quantum-cascade-lasers grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper CTuO5, Baltimore, MD, May 2007.<\/span><\/li>\n
              146. Liwei Cheng, Xiaoming Ji, Fow-Sen Choa, Zhijun Liu, Claire F. Gmachl, Jeny Fan, Xiaojun Wang, Rich Leavitt, John Bruno, and John Bradshaw, \u201cGrowth Studies of Quantum Cascade Lasers With Current-Blocking Structures\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper JWA114, Baltimore, MD, May 2007.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              147. Jiun-Yun Li, Fow-Sen Choa, Xiaoming Ji, and Liwei Cheng, \u201cHigh Growth Temperature Studies of InGaAs\/InAlAs Superlattices for High-Quality QCL and QWIP Applications\u201d, The Ninth International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells, Ambleside, Cumbria, U.K., September 9-14, 2007.<\/span><\/li>\n
              148. Yonglin Gu, Fow-Sen Choa, Stewart Wu , Xiucheng Wu, Feng Yan, Peter Su, Michael A. Krainak, \u201cCurrent Bias Mode \u2013 An Innovative Scheme for Photon Counting Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) Array Operations\u201d, IEEE, LEOS Annual Meeting, paper WD5, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 21 – 25 October 2007.<\/span><\/li>\n
              149. Aleksander K. Wojcik, Feng Xie, Alexey A. Belyanin, Junichiro Kono, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cEfficient and low-noise mid\/far-infrared detection using second-order nonlinearities in a resonant semiconductor quantum well hetero-structure, SPIE, Photonic West, Paper 6889-41, San Jose, California, January 19-24, 2008<\/span><\/li>\n
              150. Yonglin Gu, Fow-Sen Choa, Stewart Wu, Xiucheng Wu, Feng Yan, Peter Su, Michael A. Krainak, \u201cSingle-photon avalanche photodiode with improved structure using an innovative current bias mode scheme, SPIE, Photonic West, Paper 6890-23, San Jose, California, January 19-24, 2008<\/span><\/li>\n
              151. Muhammad A. Talukder, Fow-Sen Choa, Curtis\u00a0 R. Menyuk, Kale J. Franz, Scott S. Howard, Claire F. Gmachl, \u201c Novel\u00a0 heat removal waveguide structure for high performance quantum cascade lasers\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper JThfA5, San Jose, CA, May 4-9, 2008.<\/span><\/li>\n
              152. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Aurelius Graninger and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cElectrical Derivative Measurement of Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs)\u201d IEEE LEOS Annual Meeting, Paper ThO4, Newport Beach, CA, 9-13 November 2008.<\/span><\/li>\n
              153. T. Ribaudo, E.A. Shaner, S.S. Howard, C. Gmachl, X.J. Wang, F.-S. Choa, and D. Wasserman, \u201cActive Control of Propagating Waves on Plasmonic Surfaces\u201d, Proc. SPIE 7221-24, 2, 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n
              154. Liwei Cheng, Ruth Choa, Jacob Khurgin, Fow-Sen Choa, Jianxin Chen, Claire Gmachl \u201dEvaluation of nano-scale quantum devices using x-ray diffraction and Fourier analysis\u201d, Material Research Society Spring Meeting, Paper HH8.3, San Francisco, CA, April 13 \u2013 17, 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n
              155. Dingkai Guo, Fow-sen Choa, Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Mohit Godbole, \u201cElectrical derivative analysis of leakage current in quantum cascade lasers\u201d,\u00a0 IEEE, LEOS, The 21st International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, paper WP5, Newport Beach, CA, May 10 \u2013 14, 2009.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              156. Liwei Cheng, Ruth Choa, Jacob Khurgin, Fow-Sen Choa, Xing Chen, Xiaojun Wang, Jenyu Fan, Jianxin Chen, Claire Gmachl, \u201cX-ray diffraction analysis of quantum cascade lasers\u201d,\u00a0 IEEE, LEOS, The 21st International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, paper WP2, Newport Beach, CA, May 10 \u2013 14, 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n
              157. Liwei Cheng, Mohit Godbole, Fow-Sen Choa, Douglas Janssen, Robert Astri,\u00a0 and Jenyu Fan, \u201cDeep Etching and Rabbit-Ear-Free Regrowths for Quantum Cascade Lasers\u201d,\u00a0 IEEE, LEOS, The 21st International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, paper WB1.3, Newport Beach, CA, May 10 \u2013 14, 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n
              158. Yonglin Gu, Xiucheng Wu, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cHigh detection efficiency InGaAs\/InP single photon avalanche photodiodes\u201d, IEEE, LEOS, The 21st International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials, paper TuB1, Newport Beach, CA, May 10 \u2013 14, 2009.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              159. Ruth Choa, Jacob Khurgin, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cReal time spectrum analyzer analysis and evaluation of string instruments\u201d, Acoustic Research Institute, The 16th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Krak\u00f3w, Poland, 5-9 July 2009.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
              160. Aurelius Graninger, Xing Chen, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cStand-off chemical detection using acoustic beam forming & photoacoustic sensing\u201d, Acoustic Research Institute, The 16th International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Krak\u00f3w, Poland, 5-9 July 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n
              161. Edward Luzhansky , Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cModulation Dynamics of Quantum Cascade Lasers\u201d the 10th International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells (ITQW), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 6 \u2013 11, 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n
              162. Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Liwei Cheng and Xing Chen, \u201cNear-Infrared Quenching Effects on Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers\u00a0 \u201c,the 10th International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells (ITQW), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 6 \u2013 11, 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n
              163. Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, Mohit Godbole, Dingkai Kuo, and Xing Chen, \u201c Integrated Tunable DBR Quantum Cascade Lasers with ~0.03nm\/mA Tuning Efficiency \u201cthe 10th International Conference on Intersubband Transitions in Quantum Wells (ITQW), Montreal, Quebec, Canada, September 6 \u2013 11, 2009.<\/span><\/li>\n
              164. Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Douglas Janssen and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cIntegrated tunable DBR quantum cascade lasers with 30 cm-1 tuning range at 4.7 \u03bcm\u201d, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7616-44, San Francisco, CA, Jan. 23-28, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n
              165. Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Liwei Cheng, Xing Chen, <\/span>Terrance<\/b> Worchesky, \u201cNear-infrared quenching effects on mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers\u201d, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7616-63, San Francisco, CA, Jan. 23-28, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n
              166. Edward Luzhansky, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cFrequency modulation and chirping of<\/span>
                \n<\/span>two section distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers\u201d, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7597-21, San Francisco, CA, Jan. 23-28, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n
              167. Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cIntegrated Tunable Mid-IR Quantum Cascade Lasers\u201d, The 24 International Forum Process Analytical Technology \u2013Process Analysis and Control (IFPAC), paper O-023, Baltimore, MD, Jan. 31-feb. 4, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n
              168. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Terry Worchesky, Jiun-Yun li, \u201cLow-Threshold Current Short-Cavity Quantum Cascade Lasers\u201d, Invited paper, SPIE, Photonic North, Lasers – a half-century section Tu. 10:30, Niagara Fall, Canada, June 1-3, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n
              169. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Terry Worchesky, Jiun-Yun Li, \u201cQuasi-Continuous-Wave (CW) Operations of Quantum Cascade Lasers\u201d, SPIE, Photonic North, Lasers – a half-century section Tu. 11:00, Niagara Fall, Canada, June 1-3, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n
              170. Natee Johnson, Ruth Choa, Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cX-Ray Study of Strained and Strain Balanced Superlattice Materials\u201d, Material Research Society Fall meeting, paper UU6.2, Boston, Massachusetts,<\/span> Nov. 29-Dec. 3, 2010.<\/span><\/li>\n
              171. David Shyu, Fow-Sen Choa, Xing Chen, Sudhir Trivedi, \u201cNovel Mid-IR Quantum Cascade Laser Waveguide Coupling Techniques\u201d, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7953-62, San Francisco, California, 22\u00a0–\u00a027\u00a0January\u00a02011.<\/span><\/li>\n
              172. Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Liwei Cheng, and Xing Chen, \u201cNear-Infrared Induced Negative Photoconductance and Its Relationship with Optical Quenching of Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers,\u201d SPIE Photonic West, paper 7953-63, San Francisco, California, 22\u00a0–\u00a027\u00a0January\u00a02011.<\/span><\/li>\n
              173. Liwei Cheng, Xing Chen, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cDesign and Operation of mid-IR Integrated DBR Tunable Lasers\u201d, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7953-59, San Francisco, California, 22\u00a0-27\u00a0January\u00a02011.<\/span><\/li>\n
              174. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Terry Worchesky, \u201cLow threshold short cavity quantum cascade lasers\u201d, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7953-69, San Francisco, California, 22\u00a0-27\u00a0January\u00a02011.<\/span><\/li>\n
              175. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Terrance Worchesky, \u201cThermal investigation of mid-infrared quantum cascade lasers under quasi-continuous-wave operations, SPIE Photonic West, paper 7953-70, San Francisco, California, 22\u00a0-27\u00a0January\u00a02011.<\/span><\/li>\n
              176. Xing Chen, David Shyu, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cQuantum cascade lasers used as a mid-infrared detector\u201d, SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, paper,\u00a0 8012-142, Orlando, Florida, 25 – 29 April, 2011.<\/span><\/li>\n
              177. Xing Chen, Douglas Janssen, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cStandoff chemical detection using quantum cascade lasers and photoacoustic sensing\u201d, SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, paper,\u00a0 8018-27, Orlando, Florida, 25 – 29 April, 2011.<\/span><\/li>\n
              178. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cStandoff photoacoustic chemical detection using quantum cascade lasers,\u201d 16th Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference, paper: 6G2_4, 4-8 July, 2011, Kaohsiung, Taiwan<\/span><\/li>\n
              179. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Alexey Belyanin, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cMid-Infrared QCL as a Tunable Resonant Amplifying Photodetector,\u201d 16th Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference, paper: 6D4_5, 4-8 July, 2011, Kaohsiung, Taiwan<\/span><\/li>\n
              180. Xing Chen, Douglas Janssen, Dan Kostov,\u00a0 Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cStandoff chemical detection using quantum cascade lasers and photoacoustic sensing techniques\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper JMC1, Baltimore, MD, May 2011.<\/span><\/li>\n
              181. Sheriff Jolaoso, Ruth Choa, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cSpectrogram Evaluation and Brainwave Appreciation of Music Acoustics\u201d, The 18th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV 18), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, paper 698, July 10-14, 2011.<\/span><\/li>\n
              182. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Shilpa Vadala, Jennie Leach and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cNeuron Mid-Infrared Absorption Spectral Study for Direct Optical Excitation of Neurons, IEEE photonic Society Meeting, Arlington, Virginia, paper WL5, 9 – 13 October 2011<\/span><\/li>\n
              183. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, <\/span>Shilpa Vadala, <\/span>Jennie Leach, <\/span>Yordan Kostov, William W. Bewley, Chul-Soo Kim, Mijin Kim, Chadwick L. Canedy, Charles D. Merritt, Igor Vurgaftman, Jerry R. Meyer, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cNeuron Absorption Study and Mid-IR Optical Excitations\u201d, SPIE Photonic West, paper 8207G-156, San Francisco, California, 21\u00a0-26,\u00a0January\u00a02012.<\/span><\/li>\n
              184. Xing Chen, Dingkai Guo, David Shyu, Liwei Cheng, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201c28-dB gain mid-infrared optical amplification using resonant quantum cascade laser optical amplifier, SPIE Photonic West, paper 8277-67, San Francisco, California, 21\u00a0-26\u00a0January\u00a02012.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                187 Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cPower scaling-up of mid-infrared quantum cascade laser array with multi-emitter structures,\u201d Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper CTh3N.7, San Jose, CA, 6-11, May 2012.<\/span><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng1, Alexey Belyanin, Sudhir Trivedi, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cMid-IR Optical Amplifications using Resonant Gain of Quantum Cascade Lasers\u201d, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper JW2A.100, San Jose, CA, 6-11, May 2012.<\/span><\/li>\n
                2. Xing Chen, Liwei Cheng, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Jiun-Yun Li, John Bruno, John Bradshaw, Kevin Lascola, Richard Leavitt, John Pham, Fred Towner, \u201cSurface emitting quantum cascade laser arrays\u201d Frontiers in Optics, paper FTh4D.8, Oct. 14-18, 2012<\/span><\/li>\n
                3. D. Eisen, D. Janssen, X. Chen, F-S. Choa, D. Kostov, and J. Fan, \u201cTrap Closure of Venus Flytrap via Mid-IR Stimulation,\u201d Biomedical Engineering Society Annual Meeting, paper:P-Sat-B-29, Atlanta, GA, Oct. 24-27, 2012.<\/span><\/li>\n
                4. Xing Chen, Dingkai Guo, Fow-Sen Choa, Chen-Chia Wang, Sudhir Trivedi, Jenyu Fan, \u201cQuantum cascade laser based standoff photoacoustic detection of explosives using ultra-sensitive microphone and sound reflector\u201d, SPIE Photonic West, San Francisco, California, 2-7 Feb. \u00a02013.<\/span><\/li>\n
                5. D. Eisen, D. Janssen, X. Chen, F-S. Choa, D. Kostov, and J. Fan, \u201cClosing a Venus Flytrap with electrical and mid-IR photon stimulations,\u201d SPIE Photonic West, paper 8565-doi:10.1117\/12.2005351 San Francisco, California, 2-7 Feb. \u00a02013.<\/span><\/li>\n
                6. Xing Chen, Fow-Sen Choa, Ellen Holthoff, Paul Pellegrino, Jenyu Fan, \u201cStandoff chemical detection with a parts per million level calibrated detection sensitivity,\u201d SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing Conference, paper 8710-9, Baltimore, MD, 2013<\/span><\/li>\n
                7. Joshua A Lay, Xing Cheng, and Fow Sen Choa, \u201cPerformance Comparison of Microphone and Reflector Array Structures for Real-Time and Outdoor Photoacoustic Chemical Sensing\u201d, SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing Conference, paper 8710-912, Baltimore, MD, 2013.<\/span><\/li>\n
                8. Hong Cai, Sheng Liu, Elaine Lalanne, Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Xiaojun Wang, Fow-Sen Choa, and Anthony M. Johnson, “Time-Resolved Measurements of Near-Infrared Pulse Induced Ultrafast Optical Modulation of Quantum Cascade Lasers”, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics\/Quantum Electronics and Laser Sciences Proceeding, paper JTh2A.26, 2013.<\/span><\/li>\n
                9. Mohammad. Islam, Fow-Sen Choa, Elliot Hong, \u201cEvaluating the Meaningfulness of Sound Signals with Left and Right Brain Interactions\u201d, The 20th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV 20), Bangkok, Thailand, paper 687, July 7-11, 2013<\/span><\/li>\n
                10. Fow-Sen Choa, Xing Chen, Joshua Lay, \u201cPhoto-Acoustic Signal Detections Using Microphone-Reflector Arrays\u201d, The 20th International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV 20), Bangkok, Thailand, paper 675, July 7-11, 2013.<\/span><\/li>\n
                11. Mohammad Islam, David Chao, Carlos Romero Talamas, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cCell Electricity From Dissected Plants and Its Responses to Radiation and Cascading\u201d, The 30th Mid-Atlantic Plant Molecular Biology Society Meeting (MAPMBS), Patuxent research refuge, Laurel, MD, Aug15-16, 2013.<\/span><\/li>\n
                12. David Eisen, Kevin Zhang, Linh Pham, Fow-Sen Choa, Nicole Armstrong, Phillip Aye, Ricardo Aye, George Bennett, Robert Hawthorne, Huguens Jean, Kimberly Brown, \u201cPower Delivery Studies of Wind-belt Generators with Different Architectures\u201d,\u00a0 International Conference & Exhibition on\u00a0 Clean Energy\u201d, paper NDMRE-12, Ottawa, Canada, Sep. 9- 11, 2013<\/span><\/li>\n
                13. Doug Jessen, Mohammad Islam, David Chao, Jerry Gu, David Eisen, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cElectricity Derived from Plant Tissue\u201d, International Conference & Exhibition on Clean Energy\u201d, paper BB-19, Ottawa, Canada, Sep. 9- 11, 2013.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                14. Mohammad Islam and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cQuantum Cascade Lasers Characterization Using X-Ray\u201d, IEEE, International semiconductor device research symposium, Bethesda, MD, paper TA4-04, Dec. 11-13, 2013<\/span><\/li>\n
                15. Dingkai Guo, Jiun-Yun Li, and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cWidely Tunable Integrated Quantum Cascade Lasers\u201d, IEEE, International semiconductor device research symposium, Bethesda, MD, paper TA4-05, Dec. 11-13, 2013.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                16. Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cChemical and explosive detections using photo-acoustic effect and quantum cascade lasers<\/span>\u201d, <\/b>SPIE Photonic West, Paper 8993-58, San Francisco, California, 1-7 Feb. \u00a02014.<\/span><\/li>\n
                17. Dingkai Guo, Xing Chen, Jiun-Yun Li, Liwei Cheng, Terrance Worchesky, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201c<\/span>Integrated widely tunable quantum cascade lasers with super-structure gratings<\/span><\/a>\u201d, SPIE Photonic West, Paper 9002-58, San Francisco, California, 1-7 Feb. \u00a02014.<\/span><\/li>\n
                18. Qing-Lei Meng, Fow-Sen Choa, Elliot Hong, Zhiguang Wang, Mohammad Islam, “Control channels in the brain and their influence on brain executive functions”, SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing Conference, Paper 9107-42, doi:10.1117\/12.2050147, Baltimore, MD, 2014<\/span><\/li>\n
                19. Mohammad M. Islam, Wenze Xi, David J. Y. Feng, Fow-Sen Choa, ” <\/span>Nuclear detection and monitoring using plants electricity<\/span><\/a>“, SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing Conference, Paper 9073-52, Baltimore, MD, 2014<\/span><\/li>\n
                20. David House, N. B. Singh, B. Arnold, <\/span>Fow-Sen Choa<\/span><\/a>, and B. Schreib, \u201cDesign and growth of lead selenoiodide semiconductors crystals for radiation detection\u201d Proc. SPIE Optics + Photonics, Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XVI, paper 9213-14, Aug. 2014.<\/span><\/li>\n
                21. Narsingh B. Singh, Michael House, Benjamin Schreib, Carlos Romero-Talamas, Ronghui Ma, Fow-Sen Choa, Bradley Arnold,”Design and development of quaternary semiconductors for radiation detection”, SPIE Optics + Photonics, Paper 9213-40, San Diego, California, United States, 17 – 21 August 2014. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                22. N. B. Singh, Narasimha Prasad, Brad Arnold and Fow-Sen Choa, “Design and Performance of optical materials by manipulating nano and micromorphology”, SPIE Optics + Photonics, San Diego, CA, August 16-20, 2014. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                23. Narsingh Singh; Bradley Arnold; Lisa Kelly; Darren Thomson; Raghaw Rai; Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cEffect of Impurities on the Solidification Morphology of the Al-Si Alloys in Dynamic Condition\u201d, The American Ceramic Society,<\/span> Materials Science and Technology Conference-14, Pittsburgh, Oct.12-16, 2014. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                24. Narsingh Singh, Christopher Cooper, Narasimha Prasad, Fow-Sen Choa, Bradley Arnold, \u201c “Growth and morphology of lead tin selenide for MWIR detectors\u201d, The American Ceramic Society, Materials Science and Technology Conference-14, Pittsburgh, Oct.12-16, 2014. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                25. Vishnu Razdan, Bradley Arnold, Lisa Kelly, Narsingh Singh, Fow-Sen Choa, Walter Duval, \u201cEffect of Solidification Parameters on the Performance of Energy Storage Materials”, The American Ceramic Society, Materials Science and Technology Conference-14, Pittsburgh, Oct.12-16, 2014. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                26. Tanvir Mahmood, Qinglei Meng, Partha Acharjee, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa,<\/span>“EEG studies of multi-language comprehension”, \u00a0<\/span><\/a>Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper 204.08, Washington DC, Nov 15-19, 2014. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                27. Qing-Lei Meng, Mohammad Islam, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa, “Brain Eigen-Frequency Scanning Technique and It Applications” Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper 838-21, Washington DC, Nov 15-19, 2014. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                28. X. Du, M. Tagamets, L. M. Rowland, P. Kochunov, A. Summerfelt, F.-S. Choa, J. Chiapelli, E. Hong,” Neurochemical inhibitory and excitatory modulation of human prefrontal circuit synchrony: A MRS\/TMS\/EEG study”, Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper 303.08, Washington DC, Nov 15-19, 2014. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                29. Isaac Basaldua, Ozgur Topaloglu, David J. Y. Feng, Michael Du, Elliot Hong, and Fow-Sen Choa,” Magnetic field and induced electrical field distributions of Figure-Eight TMS”, Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper 797.27, Washington DC, Nov 15-19, 2014. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                30. (Invited paper) Fow-Sen Choa “Fabrication, Testing, and Applications of Quantum Cascade Lasers”, International Conference on Futuristic Materials and Emerging Trends in Forensic and Life Sciences (ICFM), Nagpur, India, Feb. 5-7, 2015. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                31. Vishnu Razdan, Abhishek Singh, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa, Lisa Kelly and N. B. Singh, \u201cEffect of organic flux on the colossal dielectric constant of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO)\u201d Proceedings of SPIE Defense and Security, 9493-7, Baltimore, MD 2015. doi: 10.1117\/12.2177694<\/span><\/li>\n
                32. Christopher Cooper, Pietro Strobbia, Emily Schultheis, Narasimha Prasad, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa and N. B. Singh, \u201cReactive Solidification Growth of Lead Tin Selenide for MWIR Detectors:, Proceedings of SPIE Defense and Security, 9491-2, Baltimore, MD 2015. doi: 10.1117\/12.2179724<\/span><\/li>\n
                33. Mohammad Islam; Carlos Romero-Talamas; Dan Kostov; Wanpeng Wang; Zhongchi Liu; Daniel S. Hussey; Eli Baltic; David L. Jacobson; Jerry Gu; Fow-Sen Choa, \u201c<\/span>Global nuclear radiation monitoring using plants<\/span><\/a>\u201d, SPIE DSS 9486, doi: 10.1117\/12.2177532, May 2015<\/span><\/li>\n
                34. Mohammad Islam<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Joshua Lay<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Chen-Chia Wang<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Sudhir Trivedi<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Alan Samuels<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Jacob Khurgin<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Fow Sen-Choa<\/span><\/a>, \u201cCombined microphone array and lock-in amplifier operations for outdoor photo-acoustic sensing,\u201d SPIE DSS 9486, doi:10.1117\/12.2177536, May 2015<\/span><\/li>\n
                35. Qinglei Meng; Prashil Patel; Sudhir Trivedi; Xiaoming Du; Elliot Hong; Fow-Sen Choa,\u201c <\/span>Sensor probes and phantoms for advanced transcranial magnetic stimulation system developments<\/span><\/a>, \u201c SPIE DSS 9487, doi: 10.1117\/12.2177014, May 2015.<\/span><\/li>\n
                36. Qinglei Meng; Elliot Hong; Fow-Sen Choa, \u201c<\/span>Electroencephalograph (EEG) study of brain bistable illusion<\/span><\/a>,\u201d SPIE DSS 9487, doi: 10.1117\/12.2177520, May 2015.<\/span><\/li>\n
                37. Edward Luzhansky, Fow-Sen Choa, Scott Merritt, Anthony Yu and Michael Krainak ” Mid-IR free-space optical communication with quantum cascade lasers”, SPIE DSS, 9465, Laser Radar Technology and Applications XX; and Atmospheric Propagation XII, 946512 (19 May 2015); doi: <\/span>10.1117\/12.2189315<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
                38. Edward Luzhansky, Fow-Sen Choa, Scott Merritt, Anthony Yu and Michael Krainak,” Comparative Analysis of QCL MWIR and SWIR Communication with PPM Signals”, OSA Imaging and Applied Optics Congress, paper JT5A.7, <\/span>Arlington, VA<\/span><\/a>, June 8-11, 2015<\/span><\/li>\n
                39. Mitchell Cherry,Qinglei Meng, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cNon-Invasive Brain Stimulation using Focused Magnetic Field Produced by Magnetic Shielding\u2019, Society of Neural science annual meeting Chicago, IL. Oct. 2015. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                40. Qinglei Meng,\u00a0 Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cElectroencephalograph (eeg) study of brain bistable illusion\u201d, Society of Neural science annual meeting. Chicago, IL. Oct. 2015. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                41. Fow Sen-Choa, Chen-Chia Wang, Jacob Khurgin, Alan Samuels, Sudhir Trivedi, Deepa Gupta, “Standoff Photoacoustic Detections with High-Sensitivity Microphones and Acoustic Arrays”,<\/span> Proc. SPIE <\/span><\/i>9824, p.98240M, 2016.\u00a0<\/span>doi:10.1117\/12.2224270<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
                42. Neha Sardesai, S. E. Jamali Mahabadi, and <\/span>Qinglei Meng<\/span><\/a>, . Fow-Sen Choa, ” Comparative Analysis of Brain Signals generated from the Right and Left hand while Writing”, Proc. SPIE\u00a09863, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XIII, 98630S (May 13, 2016); doi:10.1117\/12.2223772.<\/span><\/li>\n
                43. Qinglei Meng,\u00a0Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa, ” Electroencephalograph (EEG) Study on Self-Contemplating Image Formation”,<\/span> Proc. SPIE\u00a09863, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XIII, 98630X (May 13, 2016); doi:10.1117\/12.2225132.<\/span><\/li>\n
                44. Mohammad Islam, J. Y. Feng, Andrew Berkovich, Pamela Abshire, Geoffrey Barrows, Fow-Sen Choa, ” InGaAs\/InP PIN Photodetector Arrays Made by MOCVD Based Zinc Diffusion Processes”, Proc. SPIE\u00a09819, Infrared Technology and Applications XLII, 98190G (May 20, 2016); doi:10.1117\/12.2224297<\/span><\/li>\n
                45. Narsingh B. Singh, Ching-Hua Su, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa,” Design and growth of novel compounds for radiation sensors: Multinary chalcogenides”,\u00a0 Proc. SPIE 9824, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XVII, 982411 (12 May 2016); doi:\u00a0<\/span>10.1117\/12.2220405<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
                46. Neelesh Agarwal; Stacey Sova; N. B. Singh; Brad Arnold;\u00a0<\/span>Fow-Sen Choa<\/span><\/a>;\u00a0<\/span>Brian Cullum<\/span><\/a>; Ching-Hua Su” Effect of pH on the morphology of kidney stones”, Proc. SPIE 9863, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XIII, 986303 (13 May 2016); doi:<\/span>10.1117\/12.2219939<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
                47. Narsingh B. Singh, Sam Coriell, Richard Hopkins, Ching-Hua Su, Bradley Arnold, Brian M.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Cullum, Fow-Sen Choa, “Growth mechanism of nanowires: ternary chalcogenides”,\u00a0 Proc. SPIE\u00a09863, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XIII, 986304 (May 13, 2016); doi:10.1117\/12.2220154<\/span><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. N. B. Singh,\u00a0<\/span>Ben Schreib<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0Michael Devilbiss,\u00a0Julian Loiacono,\u00a0\u00a0Bradley Arnold,\u00a0<\/span>Fow-Sen Choa<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>K. D. Mandal<\/span><\/a>, “Low temperature processing of dielectric perovskites for energy storage”, Proc. SPIE\u00a09865, Energy Harvesting and Storage: Materials, Devices, and Applications VII, 986509 (July 13, 2016); doi:10.1117\/12.2220059.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  2. Q. Meng; E. Hong; Y. Yang; H. Lu; F. S. Choa, ” Transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) coil designing for high electromagnetic field gradient generation”, Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper NNN49 (851.09) San Diego, November 12\u201316, 2016.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  3. D. Gupta; Q. Meng; E. Hong; F. S. Choa, ” Default mode network activity analysis during self-contemplating image formation”, Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper MMM1 (555.11) San Diego, November 12\u201316, 2016.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                  4. Abenezer Wudenhe, Q. Meng and F.S. Choa, “Three-Dimensional EEG Signal Tracking for Reproducible Brain Activity Monitoring”, IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium, Paper P01.08, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, December 3, 2016. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/spmb.2016.7846869.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  5. N. B. Singh, Fow-Sen Choa, Thomas Knight, Bradley Arnold, and Lisa Kelly, \u201cNano-engineered Alloy Composites for High-Q Inductors\u201d, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), Bethesda MD, Dec. 7-9, 2016.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                  6. N. B. Singh, Fow-Sen Choa, Bradley Arnold and Lisa Kelly, \u201cDevelopment of Novel Wide Bandgap Crystals: Low Temperature Growth of 2H-SiC and beta-Gallium Oxide\u201d, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), Bethesda MD, paper FP4-01, Dec. 7-9, 2016.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n
                  7. Qinglei Meng, Julian Loiacono, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cApplication of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation System Development\u201d, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), Bethesda MD, paper FP1-02, Dec. 7-9, 2016.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  8. Hanmin Qian, Qinglei Meng, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cNew Model of Portable Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Apparatus\u201d, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS), Bethesda MD, paper FA1-02, Dec. 7-9, 2016.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  9. N. B. Singh (Plenary), Ching Hua Su, Bradley Arnold and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cMultifunctional 2D-materials; Selenides and halides\u201d International conference on multifunctional materials\u201d National Institute of Technology, Patna, India Oct. 26-28, 2016. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                  10. Narasimha Prasad (Invited), Sonali Saraf, Christopher Cooper, Pietro Strobbia, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa and N. B. Singh, International conference on multifunctional materials\u201d National Institute of Technology, Patna, India Oct. 26-28, 2016. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                  11. N. B. Singh (Plenary), B. Arnold and Fow-Sen Choa,\u201d Growth mechanism of nanowires\u201d International Conference on nanomaterials technology, Gorakhpur University, India, March 2016. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                  12. N. B. Singh (Plenary), B. Arnold and Fow-Sen Choa,\u201d Performance of nanomaterials for imaging applications: Nanoparticle and nanowire based detectors\u201d International Conference on Biotechnology, Allahabad University, India, February 2016. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                  13. N. B. Singh (Plenary), B. Arnold and Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cAcousto-Optic Hyperspectral imagers for chemical, biological and agricultural applications\u201d International Conference on biological and Agricultural Sensors, Sam Higgins Inst. Tech., Allahabad, February, India 2016. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                  14. Qinglei Meng, Elliot Hong, Fow-Sen Choa;\u201d Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Coil Designing for High Electromagnetic Field Gradient Generation\u201d, 2nd International Brain Stimulation Conference, paper P2-129, Barcelona, March 6-8, 2017. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.457<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
                  15. Qinglei Meng, Mitchell Cherry, Xiaoming Du, Hanbin Lu, Elliot Hong, Yihong Yang, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cMagnetic Focusing by Magnetic shielding for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation\u201d, 2nd International Brain Stimulation Conference, paper P2-056, Barcelona, March 6-8, 2017. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2017.01.148<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
                  16. N. B. Singh, Ching Hua Su, Fow-Sen Choa, Bradley Arnold, Walter M. B. Duval, Narayan Singh and K. D. Mandal, \u201cSolidification and morphological evolution of Al-Si eutectic in convector-diffusive conditions,\u201dMultifunctional RF, EO, Electronic and radiation sensor materials, MS&T, Pittsburgh, PA 2017.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  17. N. B. Singh, \u201cIntroductory Remarks, Carbon with unique mixed morphologies for EO, microelectronics and structural applications\u201d, Multifunctional RF, EO, Electronic and radiation sensor materials, MS&T, Pittsburgh, PA 2017.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  18. Jayati, Bhavsar, Stacey Sova, Narasimha Prasad, Puja Gautam, Brad Arnold, Paul Smith, Lisa Kelly, Fow-Sen Choa, K. D. Mandal, Ching Hua Su and N. B. Singh, \u201cMultifunctional hydroxyapatites, Design of materials for Laser host and bone applications\u201d, Multifunctional RF, EO, Electronic and radiation sensor materials, MS&T, Pittsburgh, PA 2017.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  19. Jayati, Bhavsar, Stacey Sova, Christopher Cooper, Brad Arnold, Lisa Kelly, K. D. Mandal, Ching Hua Su, K. D. mandal, Narayan Singh, Fow-Sen Choa, and N. B. Singh,\u201d Morphological breakdown in wide bandgap dielectric materials, Multifunctional hydroxyapatites, Design of materials for Laser host and bone applications\u201d, Multifunctional RF, EO, Electronic and radiation sensor materials, MS&T, Pittsburgh, PA 2017.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  20. Singh, N., Su, C.-H., Arnold, B., Choa, F.-S., Dayal, V., Kabandana, M. G., House, D. (2017). Ionizing organic compound based nanocomposites for efficient \u03b3-ray sensor. In Fiederle, Michael; Burger, Arnold; Franks, Larry; James, Ralph B.; Payne, Stephen A. (Ed.), Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics XIX. SPIE. <\/span>http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2279121<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
                  21. Berkovich, A., Castro, A., Islam, M., Choa, F.-S., Barrows, G., Abshire, P. (2017). Dark current reduction by an adaptive CTIA photocircuit for room temperature SWIR sensing. 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1109\/iscas.2017.8050414<\/span><\/li>\n
                  22. Narasimha S. Prasad, Stacey Sova, Lisa Kelly, Talon Bevan, Bradley, Arnold, Christopher Cooper, Fow-Sen Choa, N. B. Singh, “Optical characteristics of novel bulk and nanoengineered laser host materials,” Proc. SPIE Photonic West 10533, Oxide-based Materials and Devices IX, 1053320 (23 February 2018); doi: 10.1117\/12.2295994.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  23. Qinglei Meng, Deepa Gupta, Mohammad Islam, Mary Kay Lobo, Hyungwoo Nam, Fow-Sen Choa, \u201cTheoretical and experimental studies of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) beating signal in phantoms and mice brains\u201d, Proc. SPIE DCS, Volume10662, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XV, 106620D (14 May 2018); doi:\u00a0 10.1117\/12.2304947<\/span><\/li>\n
                  24. D. Gupta, M. Islama, H. Namb, M. K. Lobob, F.-S. Choa, \u201cKapton Polyimide-Based EEG Microelectrode Array and Interfaces for Mice Brainwave Recordings and Analysis\u201d Paper 10662-9, Proc. SPIE DCS, Volume 10662, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XV, 106620D (Apr.\u00a0 2018), DOI: 10.1117\/12.2305145<\/span><\/li>\n
                  25. N. B. Singh, Ching Hua Su, Bradley Arnold, Fow-Sen Choa, Christopher Cooper, Stacey Sova, Puneet Gill, Vishall Dayal, Lisa Kelly, Narasimha Prasad, Paul Smith, Brian Cullum, \u201cEffect of additives: organic-metal oxide nanocomposites for \u03b3-ray sensors\u201d, Proceedings SPIE DCS, Volume 10629, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XIX; 106290D (2018) <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2301084<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  26. Narsingh Bahadur Singh, Ching Hua Su, Sam Coriell, Kamdeo Mandal, Fow-Sen Choa, Bradley Arnold, Brian Cullum, \u201cSurface modification at nanoscale; Nanoparticle-nanowire transition\u201d, (Conference Presentation) Proceedings SPIE DCS, Volume 10662, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XV; 1066202 (2018) <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.2301034<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n
                  27. X. Du*; L. Rowland; A. Summerfelt; S. Wijtenburg; J. Chiappelli; F. Choa; P. Kochunov; E. Hong, \u201cTMS evoked n100 reflects local Gaba and glutamate balance\u201d, Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper125.07, San Diego, CA, 2018 (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                  28. D. Gupta; F. Choa; E. Hong, \u201cAuditory sensory gating effect study using EEG source localization techniques\u201d, Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper 483.05, San Diego, CA, 2018. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                  29. H. Lu; Q. Meng; L. Jing; S. Ukani; E. A. Stein; Y. Yang; F. Choa, \u201cFocal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the rat and mouse brains\u201d, Society of Neural Science Annual Meeting, paper 548.03, San Diego, CA, 2018. (presentation)<\/span><\/li>\n
                  30. D. Gupta, X. Du, E. Hong, F. Choa, \u201cHigh Temporal Resolution Dynamic Network Studies of Schizophrenia Brains by 3-D TMS-EEG Techniques\u201d, Brain Stimulation, Vol. 12, Issue 2, March\u2013April 2019, Page 543. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.793<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
                  31. H. Lu, Q. Meng, K. Peng, S. Cermak, E. Stein, Y. Yang, F. Choa, \u201cFocal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the rat brain: coil design, c-fos mapping and electrophysiology\u201d, Brain Stimulation, Vol. 12, Issue 2, March\u2013April 2019, Pages 555-556. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.837<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
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                  90. Sood, R., Singh, A., Machuga, K. S., Prasad, N., Su, C. H., Valencia, J., Tope, C., Choa, F.-S., Arnold, B., Cullum, B. M., Singh, N. (2024). Thermal characteristics of multifunctional high Z and high density 2D and 3D crystals. In Cullum, Brian M.; McLamore, Eric S.; Kiehl, Douglas (Ed.), Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology XXI (pp. 3). SPIE. <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/12.3013184<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
                  91. Hwang, K., Wang, K., Alomair, M., Choa, F.-S., Chen, L. (2024). Towards Automated Multiple Choice Question Generation and Evaluation: Aligning with Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy. New Orleans, Louisiana: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2024). <\/span>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-64299-9_35<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n
                  92. Hwang, K., Challagundla, S., Alomair, M., Jassen, D., Mortan, K., Chen, L., Choa, F.-S. (2024). Towards the acceleration of human learning capabilities through AI-assisted knowledge-tree building (Paper 13036-9 ed.). National harbor DC: Proceeding SPIE DCS\/ Conference 13036\/ Big Data VI: Learning, Analytics, and Applications. <\/span>https:\/\/spie.org\/defense-commercial-sensing\/presentation\/Towards-the-acceleration-of-human-learning-capabilities-through-AI-assisted\/13036-9#_=_<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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                    Video:<\/span><\/p>\n

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                    Xiaoming Du<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Fow-Sen Choa<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Ann Summerfelt<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Malle A Tagamets<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Laura M Rowland<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Peter Kochunov<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>Paul Shepard<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>L Elliot Hong<\/span><\/a>, \u201cNeural summation in human motor cortex by subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation,\u201d JoVE – Peer Reviewed Scientific Video Journal – Methods 7-15-2014<\/span><\/p>\n

                    Quantum Imaging:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

                    http:\/\/slideplayer.com\/slide\/9894568\/<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

                     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Refereed Journal Papers: F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, “Cascade homojunction avalanche photodiodes,” Fiber and Integrated Optics, vol. 7, pp. 1-15, 1988. F. S. Choa, and P. L. Liu, “Broadband ultrafast pulse generation from synchronously pumped dye lasers” Optics Lett., vol. 13, pp. 743-745, 1988. J. P. Zheng, L. Shi, F. S. Choa, P. … Continue reading Publications<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":30,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-68","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cs.umbc.edu\/choalab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/68","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cs.umbc.edu\/choalab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cs.umbc.edu\/choalab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cs.umbc.edu\/choalab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/30"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cs.umbc.edu\/choalab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=68"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cs.umbc.edu\/choalab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/68\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":420,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cs.umbc.edu\/choalab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/68\/revisions\/420"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.cs.umbc.edu\/choalab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=68"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}